The Golgi Apparatus

199 Pages·1975·8.9 MB·English

by  W. Gordon Whaley (auth.)

Founded by
L. V. Heilbrunn, Philadelphia, Pa., and F. Weber, Graz
Edited by
M. Alfert, Berkeley, Calif. W. Sandritter, Freiburg i. Br.
W. Beermann, Tiibingen P. Sitte, Freiburg i. Br.
G. Rudkin, Philadelphia, Pa.
Advisory Board
J.
Brachet, Bruxelles N. Kami ya, Osaka
D. Branton, Berkeley, Calif. G. F. Springer, Evanston, Ill.
H. G. Callan, St. Andrews L. Stockinger, Wien
E. C. Cocking, Nottingham B. F. Trump, Baltimore, Md.
W. W. Franke, Heidelberg
Vol. 2
Springer-Verlag
Wien New Yark
The Golgi Apparatus
W.G. Whaley
Springer-Verlag
Wi en New York
W. GORDON WHALEY
Ashbel Smith Professor of Cellular Biology
The Cell Research Institute
The University of Texas at Austin
Austin, Texas, U.S.A.
This work is subject to copyright.
All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,
specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting,
reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks.
© 1975 by Springer-VerJagjWien
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 1975
With 97 Figures
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data. Whaley. William Gordon, 1914-. The Golgi apparatus.
(Cell biology monographs; v. 2.) Bibliography: p. 1. Golgi apparatus. I. Title. II. Series. [DNLM: Golgi apparatus.
2. Physiology. W1. CE128H v. 2 j QH603.G6 W137g] QH603.G6W48 574.8'734, 75-20055.
ISBN -13:978-3-7091-7 672-6 e-ISBN -13:978-3-7091-7 670-2
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-7091-7670-2
Dedicated to
vVesley West
a gentleman with pioneer spirit
About twenty years ago, Prof. FRIEDL WEBER (Graz University) and Prof.
L. V. HEILBRUNN (University of Pennsylvania) conceived the idea for the
handbook "Protoplasmatologia" at a time when the state of knowledge in
the field of cell biology still permitted one to think of an all-encompassing
handbook in the classical sense. Since 1953 fifty-three volumes with a total
of about 9,500 pages have been published. The very rapid developments in
this area of science, especially during the last decade, have led to new insights
which necessitated some alterations in the original plan of the handbook;
also, changes in the board of editors since the death of the founders have
brought about a reorientation of viewpoints.
The editors, in agreement with the publisher, have decided to abandon
the confining limits of the original disposition of the handbook altogether
and to continue this work, in a form more appropriate to current needs, as an
open series of monographs dealing with present-day problems and findings
in cell biology. This will make it possible to treat the most modern and
interesting aspects of the field as they arise in the course of contemporary
research. The highest scientific, editorial and publishing standards will con
tinue to be maintained.
Editors and publisher
Preface
A comprehensive review of the Golgi apparatus and its functioning would
require a multi-volume publication and not a monograph and it would be
so repetitious as to discourage the reader. The requirement at this stage is
for a reinterpretation of the character and functioning of this organelle since
the last major interpretations have concentrated on its role in secretion and
it has now been shown to be a component of essentially all cells whether or
not they have been traditionally emphasized as secreting cells. As a conse
quence the efforts have been placed on the common characteristics of the
organelle, a postulate concerning its functioning in cells generally, and the
details of variations where these seem important.
The major acknowledgment of assistance in compiling the material must
go to the investigators whose contributions, sometimes positive and sometimes
of a character to spur additional investigations, allowed the development of
this postulate. The paper has been prepared with the detailed assistance of
Dr. MARIANNE DAUWALDER who, by her own studies and her insight into the
significance of other studies, has been a working partner of many years in
the development of a general hypothesis and whose knowledge of investiga
tions of the Golgi apparatus is great enough to let her call attention to
instances of support and contention with the general functional hypothesis
that has been involved.
Thanks are due to Dr. AUDREY NELSON SLATE for concern with the details
of the dusty, older literature which occasionally contributes to the progressive
development of ideas that have been incorporated into modern interpretations.
Technical assistance in the selection and preparation of the micrographs for
publication has been rendered by Miss JOYCE E. KEPHART and in photographic
reproduction by Mr. GERALD FAY. Assistance with manuscript preparation
has been given by KATHIE DODDS, Roy W. HOLLEY, and CLARE Y. WHALEY.
The collection of original data presented in the paper has been supported
by NSF Research Grant #17778. Both new findings and time for their inter
pretation have been made possible by support from the Faith Foundation.
Finally, thanks must be expressed for the extended patience of Dr. MAX
ALFERT of the Department of Zoology, University of California at Berkeley,
and Dr. W. SCHWABL of the publisher's office in Vienna.
The work has been a long time in preparation but the author offers no
apologies for this since had it been produced earlier it could have been only
one more addition to the reviews dependent on earlier interpretations whereas
now it can be an interpretation of a general functioning of the organelle
within the economy of the cell. If the interpretation is correct or even partly
correct it allows for an understanding of a continuity of genetic control
extending from the genome to extracellular activities that are important in
the development, association, function, dysfunctions, and perhaps even other
aspects in the behavior of cells.
Austin, Texas, January 1975 W. GORDON WHALEY
Contents
I. Introduction
II. Early Studies 2
A. Pre-Goigi Studies 2
B. Camillo Goigi . . 3
C. La Reazione Nera 5
D. The Goigi Apparatus and Holmgren's Canals 6
E. Equivalence with Other Cytoplasmic Components 7
F. Interpretations as Artifact 7
G. Ram6n y Cajal ..... 8
H. Cajal's Major Experiment on the Goigi Apparatus 9
III. Secretion 10
A. The Secretory Activity of the Goigi Apparatus 10
B. Bowen's Review . . . . . . . 12
IV. The Goigi Apparatus in Plant Cells 14
V. Form 15
A. The Dictyosome 15
B. The Goigi Stack 19
C. Activities across the Stack 33
D. The Goigi Complex 43
E. The Goigi Region 44
VI. Functions 47
A. The General Pattern of Functioning 47
B. The Pancreatic Exocrine Cell . . . 50
C. The Goblet Cell . . . . . . . . . 58
D. The Elaboration of Thyroid Secretions 67
E. Immunoglobulins 71
F. Sulfation . 73
G. Lipids 75
H. Glycolipids 82
I. The Mammary Gland 83
J. The Paneth Cell . 88
K. Brunner's Glands 90
XII Contents
VII. The Formation of Structural Components 92
A. Intercellular Matrices 92
B. The Plant Cell Wall 98
VIII. Coordination 109
A. The Development and Functioning of the Nervous System 109
B. The Catecholamines 115
IX. Fertilization . . 119
A. The Acrosome 119
B. The Egg Golgi Apparatus 123
C. Syngamy .. 126
X. Other Functions 127
A. Lysosomes 127
B. Leucocytes 133
XI. Replication 138
XII. Modifications and Dysfunctions 143
XIII. Conclusions 149
Bibliography 157
Author Index 179
Subject Index 185
I. Introduction
It is three-quarters of a century since what is now called the Golgi
apparatus was first reported yet there are still unanswered questions con
cerning it. CAMILLO GOLGI put his observations into the literature under the
term apparato retieolare interno (internal reticular apparatus) in 1898
(Fig. 1).
An extended historical review of the Golgi apparatus is unnecessary because
most of the original papers are still available, and older interpretations made
Fig. 1. One of GOLGI'S original drawings of the internal reticular apparatus as seen In a
Purkinje cell of a barn ow!. From Arch. ita!' Bio!. 30, 1898.
with less than satisfactory techniques and with the limitations of light
microscopy have been largely superseded. Further, there has been a series
of excellent reviews and interpretations, which, if read in sequence, gives
a good picture of the successive developments (DUESBERG 1914, CAJAL 1914,
COWDRY 1923, 1924, BOWEN 1926, 1929, KIRKMAN and SEVERINGHAUS
1938 a, b, and c, BEAMS and KESSEL 1968, MORRE et al. 1971, DAUWALDER
et al. 1972, COOK 1973. See also a symposium held by the Royal Micro
scopical Society in 1954 [1955]). There are, however, several reasons for
including a brief historical background in a work devoted to the Golgi
apparatus. Studies of the organelle by continuously improved techniques
and combinations of techniques provide a good illustration of the advance
ment of biological science from the observational stage to interpretations of
function. They may possibly lead to modification of the organelle and its
function as a means of improving the state of the organism. The ubiquitous
Cell Biology Monographs, Vol. 2 1