The GMO Handbook: Genetically Modified Animals, Microbes, and Plants in Biotechnology

386 Pages·2004·2.33 MB·English

by  Sarad R. Parekh

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The GMO Handbook

The GMO
Handbook
Genetically Modified Animals, Microbes,
and Plants in Biotechnology
Edited by
Sarad R. Parekh,
PhD
Dow AgroSciences,
Indianapolis, IN
© 2004 Humana Press Inc.
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Totowa, New Jersey 07512
humanapress.com
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in
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All papers, comments, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the author(s), and do not
necessarily reflect the views of the publisher.
This publication is printed on acid-free paper. ∞
ANSI Z39.48-1984 (American Standards Institute)
Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials.
Production Editor: Wendy S. Kopf.
Cover illustrations: Sheep and corn photographs by Corbis Images (Corbis.com). Background DNA figure
and foreground is the microscopic photo of Escherichia coli cells. The photograph was provided by Sarad
R. Parekh.
Cover design by Sarad R. Parekh and Patricia F. Cleary.
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Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
e-ISBN: 1-59259-801-3
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
The GMO handbook : genetically modified animals, microbes, and plants in
biotechnology / edited by Sarad R. Parekh.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-58829-307-6 (alk. paper)
1. Transgenic organisms--Handbooks, manuals, etc.
[DNLM: 1. Organisms, Genetically Modified. 2. Genetic
Engineering--methods. 3. Genetic Engineering--standards. QH 442.6 G569
2004] I. Parekh, Sarad R., 1953-
QH442.6.G657 2004
660.6--dc22
2003026980
Preface
The 21st century began in the midst of a biotechnology revolution. To many scientists
and biotechnologists, the amount of information concerning new and novel methodolo-
gies and their impact is overwhelming. The development and application of biotechnol-
ogy is forging ahead, bringing with it rapid changes in everyday life. Because all living
organisms depend on molecular activity for survival and reproduction, research on molecu-
lar biotechnology and the utility of genetically altered cells has acquired a more dominant
role in multidisciplinary activities. In addition, the biosafety and economic feasibility of
genetically modified crops, microbes, and animals—often referred to as genetically
modified organisms (GMOs)—have become paramount issues for consumers, farmers,
and governments, as well as the agriculture, chemical, food, and pharmaceutical indus-
tries. An intense global debate is focused on ethical issues and the potential benefits and
risks of genetic engineering technology.
Although there is general agreement that attention must be focused on educating the
public on the potential and technical challenges of GMOs, it is equally important to
recognize the complexities that arise from a heightened public awareness of the safety
and environmental impacts of biotechnology. If GMO technology is to succeed, all
concerned parties require a greater understanding of this special research.
Updating one’s knowledge of GMO biotechnology, themost recent advances, the
accepted guidelines for commercial application, and the new opportunities GMO
research offers to the benefit of humankind is a continual challenge. The GMO Hand-
book introduces and explains the fundamentals of molecular biotechnology as a scien-
tific discipline, provides an understanding of how current GMO research is conducted,
discusses the problems that have arisen from genetic technology, explains the tools
needed to address and resolve conflicts on GMO issues, and provides in-depth discus-
sions on how GMO-derived technology may impact our lives in the future.
The GMO Handbook is divided into three sections. In each section, special emphasis
is placed on explaining the wide range of current technologies and new strategies
employed from cell biology, molecular biology, and biochemistry in constructing GMOs.
In addition, large scale expression and production of recombinant products in cultured
cells is described. Furthermore, the significance of public acceptance of GMOs and the
economic benefits for the agricultural and pharmaceutical markets is also discussed.
Finally, the unknown challenges and ethical concerns associated with GMOs are raised.
In most instances, The GMO Handbook addresses special topics by first reviewing
the molecular details and then explaining their broader applications. Whereas many
books on GMOs address registration procedures, regulation policies, environmental
impacts on the food chain, or biosafety concerns with deliberate release, many fail to
explain the basic principles, methodologies, and concepts behind the methods of con-
struction of GMOs. They rarely provide the reader with critical information on the limi-
tations of the technology, the pitfalls, and the necessary guidelines for commercialization.
This book intends to fill these gaps. An extensive glossary is provided to help the reader
understand the terminology employed in GMO biotechnology.
v
vi Preface
This book is the culmination of the efforts of many. The chapters were written by
scientists who have made significant contributions to GMO research and can address some
of the latest developments in the field. The GMO Handbook presents the work of scientists
from a broad range of disciplines including botany, entomology, plant pathology, chemical
engineering, microbiology, virology, genetics, public health, and government policy.
The GMO Handbook gives a cross section of current accomplishments in GMO
research and provide insight into its future. The handbook targets a unique range of
scientists. Young researchers beginning their undergraduate- and graduate-level studies
will benefit from the ability to see the full range of techniques and applications used to
culture and analyze animal, microbial, and plant GMOs. The chapters are written so as
to facilitate their use as a teaching aid. Experienced scientists, biotechnology business
managers, and manufacturing managers engaged in major GMO technologies are chal-
lenged to contemplate the potential of these technologies. The hope is that the book will
illuminate the collaboration among scientists of many differing disciplines that has
resulted in the invention of state-of-the-art techniques for developing GMOs.
Each individual chapter presents the opinions and views of its author(s). Although
every effort has been made by the editor to provide a consistent style, the results pre-
sented, views expressed, and final content of the chapters remain the sole responsibility
of the chapter authors. It is our hope that the information presented here will prove to be
a useful contribution not only to science, but also to the general public interest.
I wish to express my appreciation to all of the contributing authors. I am especially
grateful to the members of the international advisory board and Anne Gregg, information
scientist, at Dow AgroSciences. Anne provided critical help in editing and organizing this
book. Thanks are also owed to many associate friends for their advice and collaboration,
as well as to Humana Press and their team members for the opportunity to publish this
book.
Finally, with love and affection, I am indebted to my wife, Ranna, and my daughter,
Puja, for their patience and understanding.
Sarad R. Parekh
Contents
Preface............................................................................................................................v
Contributors ..................................................................................................................ix
PART I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................
1 • Introduction
Sarad R. Parekh and Anne Gregg......................................................................3
PART II. MICROBIAL GMOS
2 • Genetically Modified Microorganisms: Development and Applications
Lei Han ...............................................................................................................29
3 • Producing Proteins Derived From Genetically Modified Organisms
for Toxicology and Environmental Fate Assessment of Biopesticides
Steven L. Evans..................................................................................................53
4 • Genetically Modified Organisms: Biosafety and Ethical Issues
Douglas J. Stemke..............................................................................................85
PART III. MAMMALIAN GMOS
5 • Large-Scale Exogenous Protein Production in Higher Animal Cells
William Whitford..............................................................................................133
6 • Biosafety, Ethics, and Regulation of Transgenic Animals
Raymond Anthony and Paul B. Thompson ...................................................183
7 • Transgenic Aquatic Animals
Sarad R. Parekh ...............................................................................................207
PART IV. PLANT GMOS
8 • Development of Genetically Modified Agronomic Crops
Manju Gupta and Raghav Ram......................................................................219
9 • Gene Silencing in Plants: Nature’s Defense
W. Michael Ainley and Siva P. Kumpatla......................................................243
10 • Value Creation and Capture With Transgenic Plants
William F. Goure .............................................................................................263
11 • Biosafety Issues, Assessment, and Regulation
of Genetically Modified Food Plants
Yong Gao...........................................................................................................297
12 • Conclusion and Future Directions
Sarad R. Parekh ...............................................................................................345
Glossary......................................................................................................................351
Index...........................................................................................................................357
vii
viii Contents
Contributors
W. MICHAEL AINLEY• Plant Transformation and Gene Expression, Dow AgroSciences,
Indianapolis, IN
RAYMOND ANTHONY• Department of Philosophy and Religious Studies,
Iowa State University, IA
STEVEN L. EVANS• Discovery Research, Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN
YONG GAO• Biotechnology Regulatory Science, Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN
ANNE GREGG• Information Management Center, Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN
WILLIAM F. GOURE• Business Development, Mendel Biotechnology Inc., Hayward, CA
MANJU GUPTA• Plant Trait Discovery Research, Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN
LEI HAN• Supply Research and Development, Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN
SIVA P. KUMPATLA• Plant Biotechnology, Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN
SARAD R. PAREKH• Supply Research and Development, Dow AgroSciences,
Indianapolis, IN
RAGHAV RAM• Plant Biotechnology, Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN
DOUGLAS J. STEMKE• Department of Biology, Elon University, Elon, NC
PAUL B. THOMPSON• Food, Agricultural, and Community Ethics, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, MI
WILLIAM WHITFORD• Research and Product Development, HyClone, Logan, Utah
ix