The glory of Byzantium : art and culture of the middle Byzantine era : A.D. 843-1261 ; [this publication is issued in conjunction with the exhibition The glory of Byzantium, held at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, from march 11 through july 6, 1

604 Pages·1997·49.1 MB·English

by  Helen C. Evans

THE GLORY OF
BYZANTIUM
'..;ii'i:uii-:.

THE GLORY OF
BYZANTIUM
Artand CultureoftheMiddleByzantineEra
A.D. 843-1261
EditedbyHelenC. EvansandWilliamD.Wixom
TheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork
DistributedbyHarryN.Abrams,Inc.,NewYork
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ofArt,NewYork,fromMarchnthroughJuly6,1997. ColorseparationsandduotonesbyProfessionalGraphics,
Rockford,Illinois
PrintedbyJulioSotoImpresor,S.A.,Madrid
TheexhibitionwasorganizedbyTheMetropolitanMuseum BoundbyEncuademacionRamos,S.A.,Madrid
ofArt,NewYork.
Theexhibitionismadepossiblebyalphabankinggroup. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
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Copyright©1997TheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork N760295'0..0G25'5l41097947747I—dc2I 9C6I-P45584
PublishedbyTheMetropolitanMuseumofArt,NewYork
JEmoihlnyP.WaO'lNteeirlla,ndEdKiattohrleinenChHioewfard,withtheassistanceof JBaockoektcilolvuesrtrwatiitohnChristPantokratorandtheVirginOrans,
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PhotographStudio,TheMetropolitanMuseumofArt. Sinai,Egypt
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TheStateHermitage,SaintPetersburg TheLiturgicalHomiliesofSaintGregoryofNazianzos,Byzantine
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Mapdesign:AmericanCustommaps,Albuquerque,NewMexico Sinai,Egypt
2
CONTENTS
StaOtretmheondtobxyCthhreisEtciuamnenCihcuarlcPhatriarchofthe vii ChHreilesntQiaEnvanNseighbors
Sponsors'Statements viii
Director'sForeword xiii KtevanRus'
Preface xv OCalteanlkoaguZe.nPuemvbneyrs193-219 288
Acknowledgments xvii
TheBulgarians
ContributorstotheCatalogue xxv JosephD.Alchermes UP
Map:ByzantiumandItsNeighbors,ad.843-1261 2 Cataloguenumbers220-229 ?26
Byzantine Societyand
Civilization vS.PeterCowc 116
SpcrosP,Vryonis,Jr. Cataloguenumbers230-237 142
Religious Organizationand TheArmenians
ChurchArchitecture HelenC.Evans 3SO
ThomasF.Marhews 2_q Cataloguenumbers238-243 3J6
Cataloguenumbers1-40 36
Christians inthe Islamic East
Manuscripts ThelmaK.Thomas 364
JeffreyC.Anderson 8j2 Cataloguenumbers244-2S7 372
Cataloguenumbers41-64 8_8
CrusaderArt
JaroslavFolda 388
AnnemarieWeylCarr 112 Cataloguenumbers258-268 392
Cataloguenumbers65-136 118
Byzantium andthe IslamicEast
HenryMaguire 182 PCraitsacillolgauSeonnucmebkers269-289 44012
SecularArchitecture Byzantine Artandthe
CRaotbaelrotguGe.nOuumsbteerrsh1o3u7t-147 210902 T.WaitltlniamWeD.sWtixom 434
LuxuryObiects Cataloguenumbers290-344 4SQ
ToliKalavrezou 218
Cataloguenumbers148-178 224 NotestotheEssays 510
Ceramic,Arts of Everyday T.tee Bibliography 522
EuniceDautermanMaguire 254 Glossary 560
Cataloguenumbers179-192 258 Index 563

BARTHOLOMEWBYTHEMERCYOFGOD
ARCHBISHOPOFCONSTANTINOPLE,NEWROME,
ANDECUMENICALPATRIARCH
T(j> 'Evxiuoxdxq) KUpi'cj) Philippe de Montebello, TheMostHonorablePhilippedeMontebello,Directorof
TneuGwq)xoti"MetropolitanMuseumofArt,"xdpivKai' TheMetropolitanMuseumofArt:Graceandpeacefrom
eipf|VT|vrcapd©eounaxpdc,miKuptoufip.53v'IriaoC GodtheFatherandourLordJesusChrist.
XpiaxovJ. WithgreatjoywelearnedfromyourletterofNovember21,
1995,mosthonorableandbelovedsir,thatTheMetropolitan
Msxd 7toM.fj<;xapoii;e7iAr|po<|>opr|6T|Li£vzkzova%6rr\q MuseumofArtispreparingacataloguefortheimportant
koc'NoeiippioDn.e. Ypduuaxoc,xfjt;iiuexepac;dyajxrixfji; exhibitionmostappropriatelytided"TheGloryofByz-
T3vxiu6xr|xoc,repirf\qx>koxou"MetropolitanMuseumof antium."Thisexhibitionwillundertaketocultivatetheunin-
Art"dvaa.T|(t>6acTr|<;rcpoExoiuacria!;xox>KaxaXoyovxfj? terruptedspiritualbeautyofMiddleByzantinecivilizationin
O7ioi>5aia<;i.K6eaemq,xfjc,ortoiac,xf)v7tpo<a&r|o"ivevxqi themodernworld.
7ctrvue7uxppa6xvi(Kp0ik5okcouAqA)ouce';xsxxoieiMdevaao^-dBpueii^,avfjxxioviotuonvokidxeiva|vidoo5u, Wearepleasedtorespondtoyourkindrequestbearingaswe
eiqxov6710T0VopGajc,eSwkoxexovxixX.ov"'HAo^atov dothegreatesthonorandresponsibilityofbeingahumble
Bu^avxiou". successortothisspiritualgloryinvariousways,eitherby
inspiringorbysupportingtheheritageofEasternChristian
'rxufiAjjcvvi,axSlavrKftmc|o|oiiKvapcc,ifxvexa'ocxvuomxeveixveivocvoi,vo,xmvfoi8Xov9ieeadpvexS,y;oi,xoeoxivorqiivxfx|oivjuutfoeeyTyvvodyiteKvamrojjvtoeTjiiltKjaai9pxXwapotKxi|tpavaOpiTxxoKowaOBvv? ssbaplhdieadrsrrisetiiusnnasgglsiibt,nyy.wthweIianscymaoonossnfpiiuodrmieuterrnoiPtftaatatlrhpiataanarrkstcskih.gcaiulvliaLrnegth,toercnooanlrglraoantfudylaoptruiiovwinhlse,ogeaantrdoe
awepaXoveiq xfiv7rv£uuaxiKf|vxa-uxnv 66^av, el'xe Wedonotdoubtthattheselectedessayscompiledbysuch
eurcveovxec,et'xeimoonipi^ovxec,xfivK^povoaiavxrjc, distinguishedscholarsdescribethehistoryandtheimmortal
dvaxoXiKfjc,xpioxiaviKfjc,jrveuuaxiKoxTixoi;,alc>9av6|j.e9a valueofeveryitemonexhibition.Fromthedepthofour
iSiaixepavxinfjv Kai7tpov6|a.iov d7teu9'uv6|j.evoi7tp6c, Patriarchalheart,weblessthisendeavorandonceagain
viiaq6idx6iv5excavriaxpiapxiKcovfiucovrpauudxcov,ev expressourcongratulationsandprofoundappreciationwhile
jrvexiuaxi efjxapiaxicav, <royxapT|xT|pia)v Kai evXoyiw wholeheartedly bestowing upon you our paternal and
npoqdjtavxaqxovj<;aw|j.|j.£Taax6vxa<;eiqxouvr|uei55ec, Patriarchalblessing.
xovxoepyov. January20,1996
YourferventsupplicantbeforeGod,B(artholomew)
OuSoAxoc, aLi(|)ipdX.X.ovx6q oxi xd ereiX£ye'vxa K£i|ieva,
o~uvxax9evxa vno SiaicsKpipivcov eTticxriuovcov,
jtepvypd(|>ouvxf|v icxopiav Kaixfiv erceKeivaxpovou
d^iav aTtdvxcov xajv eKxeOricopivcov avxnceiufivcov,
eukoyouuevdjcd(xecrn<;naxpiapxncfjc;Kap5iaqxoepyov
KaidiceuQ'uvop.evKaiau9t<;xd cruyxaprixfipiaKaixf|v
Pa9eTavekxiutiotvfiurov,d7tove'|i.ovxec,uuTv6ao9,u|k>v
xfiv7taxpiKT|vKairiaxpiapxiKfivf|Luovevikoyiav.
lavouapio-ok'
9
PATRIARCH'S STATEMENT
PONSORS' STATEMENTS
s
"TheWesternworldowesanimmeasurableculturaldebttoacivilizationwhich
alonepreservedmuchoftheheritageofGreekandLatinantiquityduringthesedark
centurieswhenthelightsoflearningintheWestwerealmostextinguished."So
wroteLordNorwichintheepiloguetohistrilogyontheByzantineEmpire."The
GloryofByzantium"providesauniqueopportunitytoexploreboththeextraordi-
naryradianceoftheempireatitsapogeeandthedeep-rootedinfluenceithashadon
OrthodoxChristiansthroughoutthecenturiesdowntothepresentday.
TheexhibitionalsoprovidestheopportunityforAlphaBankingGrouptodevelop
relationshipsintheUnitedStates,whereitspresenceisfeltthroughitsadministra-
tionwithawiderangeofcorrespondentbanks.Weareexceptionallypleasedtobe
associatedwiththishistoricexhibition,inparticularbecauseitmarksthefirsttime
thattheGrouphasinAmericaparticipatedintherealizationofsuchanevent.
Byitssupportfor"TheGloryofByzantium,"AlphaBankingGroupthusfulfills
bothitscorporateroleanditscommitmentasapatronofthearts.
YannisS.Costopoulos
Chairman
AlphaBankingGroup
Vlii SPONSORS' STATEMENTS
'..;ii'i:uii-:.
CitibankishonoredtojoinTheMetropolianMuseumofArtinpresenting
"TheGloryofByzantium."ThesponsorshipofthismajorexhibitionbyCitibank,a
NewYork-basedglobalfinancialinstitutionandaworldwidesupporterofartspro-
grams,isespeciallyappropriate.Citibankcurrentlyoperatesinmostofthecountries
representedintheexhibition,whichcoversGreece,Turkey,NorthAfrica,partsof
theMiddleEast,andCentralandEasternEurope.Itiswithgreatpridethatour
employeesinthesecountriesjoinwithustobringyouthesemasterpieces,which
datefromoneofthegreatartisticeras.
OnbehalfofCitibank,anditsemployeesaroundtheworld,Ihopethatyouwill
shareourdelightinthemagnificenceandlastingimportanceof"TheGloryof
Byzantium."
WilliamR.Rhodes
ViceChairman
Citicorp/Citibank
SPONSORS' STATEMENTS