The Global, Regional and Local Politics of Institutional Responses to COVID-19: Implications for Women and Children PDF
Preview The Global, Regional and Local Politics of Institutional Responses to COVID-19: Implications for Women and Children
SDG:10 Sustainable Development Goals Series Reduced Inequalities The Global, Regional and Local Politics of Institutional Responses to COVID-19 Implications for Women and Children Edited by Madeleine O. Hosli Amy Blessing Irini Iacovidou Sustainable Development Goals Series The Sustainable Development Goals Series is Springer Nature’s inaugu- ral cross-imprint book series that addresses and supports the United Nations’ seventeen Sustainable Development Goals. The series fosters comprehensive research focused on these global targets and endeavours to address some of society’s greatest grand challenges. The SDGs are inher- ently multidisciplinary, and they bring people working across different fields together and working towards a common goal. In this spirit, the Sustainable Development Goals series is the first at Springer Nature to publish books under both the Springer and Palgrave Macmillan imprints, bringing the strengths of our imprints together. The Sustainable Development Goals Series is organized into eighteen subseries: one subseries based around each of the seventeen respective Sustainable Development Goals, and an eighteenth subseries, “Connecting the Goals,” which serves as a home for volumes addressing multiple goals or studying the SDGs as a whole. Each subseries is guided by an expert Subseries Advisor with years or decades of experience studying and addressing core components of their respective Goal. The SDG Series has a remit as broad as the SDGs themselves, and contributions are welcome from scientists, academics, policymakers, and researchers working in fields related to any of the seventeen goals. If you are interested in contributing a monograph or curated volume to the series, please contact the Publishers: Zachary Romano [Springer; zachary. [email protected]] and Rachael Ballard [Palgrave Macmillan; rachael. [email protected]]. Madeleine O. Hosli • Amy Blessing Irini Iacovidou Editors The Global, Regional and Local Politics of Institutional Responses to COVID-19 Implications for Women and Children Editors Madeleine O. Hosli Amy Blessing Leiden University Global Counterterrorism Forum The Hague, The Netherlands Administrative Unit and Women in International Security Netherlands Irini Iacovidou The Hague, The Netherlands Perrett Laver Amsterdam, The Netherlands ISSN 2523-3084 ISSN 2523-3092 (electronic) Sustainable Development Goals Series ISBN 978-3-031-09912-0 ISBN 978-3-031-09913-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09913-7 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 Color wheel and icons: From https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/, Copyright © 2020 United Nations. Used with the permission of the United Nations. The content of this publication has not been approved by the United Nations and does not reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: Benjamin Egerland / EyeEm / Getty Images This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland F : “I r ” oreword nstItutIonal esponses to CoVId-19 p —F the andemIC oreword The 2020 COVID-19 pandemic affected all sectors in society, including international organizations and international non-governmental organiza- tions. The pandemic stopped economic growth and prosperity, but failed to stop wars, conflicts, and the persecution of vulnerable persons and minorities. Moreover, peace-building and conflict resolution were nega- tively affected, as political dialogues and diplomatic negotiations, consul- tations, and mediations had to be conducted virtually instead of face-to-face. It is too soon to say what the long-term impact of the pandemic will be on, for example, the political, humanitarian, and development sectors, but this pandemic has certainly forced us all to become more innovative in order to remain operational and at the same time think beyond a business- as- usual modus operandi. On the one hand, humanitarian agencies and development organizations are having to start thinking more creatively to continue attracting funding from traditional donors. This has become especially important in order to offset the cost-saving measures they had to enforce that led to positions being cut and field offices having to close. On the other hand, their beneficiaries, especially women and children, are being confronted with even more challenges to ensure their own survival. This book offers a unique academic perspective addressing the chal- lenges faced by this group of vulnerable individuals. Women and girls in refugee and IDP camps in Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, were already resorting to negative coping mechanisms, such as forced prostitution. They were also more at risk of sexual violence when, for example, using outside v vi FOREWORD: “INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSES”... sanitation facilities in camps and collecting firewood/water in order to pro- vide for the basic needs of their families. With the onset of the pandemic forcing families to spend more time confined at home, this same vulnerable group was now more at risk of domestic violence in not only the Global North but also the Global South. Other vulnerable groups in society that have been more adversely affected by the pandemic include refugees and stateless people, as many governments have had difficulties adapting their policies and priorities to address the particular needs of these populations. Governments continue to struggle to meet the needs of their own popula- tions, many of whom have been forced in too long periods of unemploy- ment as an indirect consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic that had a disproportionate impact on the service and entertainment industries. While more academic articles and books have been written on the impact of COVID-19 on global governance and multilateralism, there are fewer academic publications that focus on how this global pandemic has directly and indirectly affected women and children. It is more difficult to measure what the long-term impact of this pandemic will be on such vul- nerable groups, as it is only possible to measure the short-term impact at present. This book aims to bring much needed timely and pertinent atten- tion to the needs of these sometimes-overlooked groups in society in order to encourage an institutional response that is adapted, so as not to create further inequalities in society. Geneva, Switzerland Alexander Sultan-Khan Alexander Sultan-Khan is a dual German/Swiss humanitarian profes- sional, who has worked in the humanitarian sector for over ten years for a number of different international organizations, including the ICRC, in different emergency contexts in the field, including in CAR, Colombia, the DRC, Ethiopia, Lebanon, Niger, Nigeria, and Jordan. He has also worked in multilateral diplomacy with the United Nations and in bilateral diplomacy for the European Commission and the German Foreign Office where he served in Berlin, Brussels, New York, and Geneva. Alexander Sultan-Khan received his BA in International Relations & Political Science from Tufts University in 2008 and his MA in International Relations & Diplomacy from Leiden University in 2010. C ontents 1 Introduction 1 Amy Blessing and Irini Iacovidou 2 Leaving No One Behind: Development Financial Institutions and Gender Lens Investing in Sub-Saharan Africa 11 Amy Blessing 3 Women and Children: International Institutions and Reponses to COVID-19 27 Madeleine O. Hosli 4 Eradicating Child Labour Amidst Global Crises 45 Moona Hoppula 5 Crisis Management in Southeast Asia: Women, Violent Extremism, and COVID-19 69 Aude Gregory-Billet 6 Preventing a Knock-On Pandemic: How the World’s Biggest Children’s Charity Responded to the Virus that Doesn’t Make Children Sick 89 Chiara Orlassino vii viii CONTENTS 7 Falling Through the Cracks: Challenges to the Education of Refugee Children During COVID-19 111 Anna Saischek 8 COVID-19 and the Digital Divide: Responding to the South Asian Digital Divide in the Education Sector 133 Irini Iacovidou and Himanshi Sharma 9 Increased Domestic Violence in Europe: A Shadow Pandemic 157 Solène Zumsteeg 10 School’s Out Forever? The Effect of COVID-19 on Educational Opportunities for Women and Girls in the Global South 179 Alanna O’Malley 11 Women’s Empowerment: Analyzing Ethiopia’s Amhara National Regional State 197 Tesfanesh Tadesse, Abebech Chekol, Taglo Layew, and Walelign Awoke 12 COVID-19 in the Americas: Challenges in the Institutionalisation of the Gender Equality Agenda 215 Gabriela Meneghetti Godinho Bueno and Luiza Martins Santos 13 Conclusion 243 Amy Blessing and Irini Iacovidou Index 251 n C otes on ontrIbutors Walelign Awoke is a project planning, monitoring, and evaluation expert in the Amhara National Regional State Bureau of Women, Children and Social Affairs, Ethiopia. Amy Blessing is an Initiative Coordinator at the Global Counterterrorism Forum Administrative Unit and Treasurer at Women in International Security, Netherlands. She has two LLMs, one from the University of Glasgow focusing on International Law and Security and one from the University of Copenhagen focusing on EU Governance and External Relations. Her current research interests focus on gender, terrorism and international development, and she has previously published two in-depth analyses with the Department for Constitutional Affairs and Citizens’ Rights in the European Parliament. Gabriela Meneghetti Godinho Bueno is in her second year of the MSc International Relations and Diplomacy program at Leiden University, offered in collaboration with the Netherlands Institute of International Relations, Clingendael, in The Hague. She has a BA in International Studies from Flagler College, USA and been an exchange student at Korea University and at Yamanashi Gakuin University in Japan. She is cur- rently conducting research on coalition-formation in the United Nations Security Council, international organization, and on gender and international politics. Abebech Chekol is an Assistant Professor of Development Studies at the College of Social Sciences and the Humanities, University of Gondar, ix
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