The Global Handbook of Media Accountability PDF
Preview The Global Handbook of Media Accountability
THE GLOBAL HANDBOOK OF MEDIA ACCOUNTABILITY The Global Handbook of Media Accountability brings together leading scholars to de-W esternize the academic debate on media accountability and discuss different models of media self-r egulation and newsroom transparency around the globe. With examination of the status quo of media accountability in 43 countries worldwide, it offers a theoretically informed comparative analysis of accountability regimes of different varieties. As such, it constitutes the first interdisciplinary academic framework comparing structures of media accountability across all continents and creates an invaluable basis for further research and policymaking. It will therefore appeal to scholars and students of media studies and journalism, mass communication, sociology, and political science, as well as policymakers and practitioners. Susanne Fengler is Professor of International Journalism and Director of the Erich Brost Institute for International Journalism at TU Dortmund University, Germany. She is the co- editor of Journalists and Media Accountability: An International Study of News People in the Digital Age, Cultures of Transparency: Between Promise and Peril, and The European Handbook of Media Accountability. Tobias Eberwein is Senior Researcher at the Institute for Comparative Media and Communication Studies at the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria. He is the co- editor of Media Accountability in the Era of Post-T ruth Politics: European Challenges and Perspectives, Mapping Media Accountability – In Europe and Beyond, and The European Handbook of Media Accountability. Matthias Karmasin is Director of the Institute for Comparative Media and Communication Studies at the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, and Full Professor at the Department of Media and Communications at the University of Klagenfurt, Austria. He is the co-e ditor of Responsibility and Resistance: Ethics in Mediatized Worlds, the Handbook of Integrated CSR Communication, and The European Handbook of Media Accountability. THE GLOBAL HANDBOOK OF MEDIA ACCOUNTABILITY Edited by Susanne Fengler, Tobias Eberwein, and Matthias Karmasin Cover image: © Getty Images First published 2022 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2022 selection and editorial matter, Susanne Fengler, Tobias Eberwein and Matthias Karmasin; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Susanne Fengler, Tobias Eberwein, and Matthias Karmasin to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing- in- Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Fengler, Susanne, 1971– editor of compilation. | Eberwein, Tobias, editor of compilation. | Karmasin, Matthias, 1964– editor of compilation. Title: The global handbook of media accountability / edited by Susanne Fengler, Tobias Eberwein and Matthias Karmasin. Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York : Routledge, 2022. | Series: Routledge international handbooks | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021030486 (print) | LCCN 2021030487 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367346287 (hardback) | ISBN 9781032156156 (paperback) | ISBN 9780429326943 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Mass media—Moral and ethical aspects. | Journalistic ethics. Classification: LCC P94 .G586 2022 (print) | LCC P94 (ebook) | DDC 174/.907—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021030486 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021030487 ISBN: 978-0-367-34628-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-15615-6 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-32694-3 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9780429326943 Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC CONTENTS List of illustrations xi Notes on contributors xiii PART 1 Introduction 1 1 Media accountability: a global perspective 3 Susanne Fengler, Tobias Eberwein, Matthias Karmasin, Sandra Barthel, and Dominik Speck PART 2 Anglo-S axon countries 59 2 Overview: Anglo- Saxon countries 61 Tim P. Vos 3 The United Kingdom: consolidation and fragmentation 63 Gordon Ramsay 4 The United States of America: the triumph of autonomy over accountability 75 Ryan J. Thomas 5 Canada: fragile consolidation efforts in media accountability 86 Simon Thibault, Colette Brin, and Pierre Trudel v Contents 6 Australia and New Zealand: a resurgence of public interest in media performance 97 Ian Richards and Verica Rupar PART 3 Western Europe 107 7 Overview: Western Europe 109 Tobias Eberwein, Susanne Fengler, and Matthias Karmasin 8 Sweden: old wine in new bottles 111 Torbjörn von Krogh and Göran Svensson 9 Germany: beyond the beacon 120 Tobias Eberwein and Janis Brinkmann 10 Spain: an expanding accountability landscape with major challenges to overcome 131 Xavier Ramon, Ruth Rodríguez- Martínez, Marcel Mauri- Ríos, and Salvador Alsius 11 Italy: overregulation, media concentration, political transparency, and economic crisis 142 Sergio Splendore PART 4 Central and Eastern Europe and the post- Soviet space 151 12 Overview: Central and Eastern Europe and the post-S oviet space 153 Bogusława Dobek- Ostrowska 13 Poland: polarized model of media accountability 155 Michał Głowacki and Michał Kuś 14 Hungary: growing concentration, intensifying control 165 Agnes Urban 15 Estonia: from analog to digital – one step forward but two steps back? 175 Urmas Loit, Epp Lauk, and Halliki Harro- Loit 16 Bosnia and Herzegovina: the authority, the media, and the public in correlating multiple negative influences 184 Enes Osmančević vi Contents 17 Ukraine: lack of self- regulation in an oligarch- driven media landscape 193 Dariya Orlova and Halyna Budivska 18 Russia: media accountability in a polarized society 203 Anna Litvinenko and Svetlana S. Bodrunova 19 Kyrgyzstan: accountability in a constrained media environment 213 Bahtiyar Kurambayev PART 5 Turkey, Israel, the MENA region, and Iran 223 20 Overview: Turkey, Israel, the MENA region, and Iran 225 Judith Pies and Hanan Badr 21 Turkey: crackdowns against journalists are paralyzing media accountability 227 Ceren Sözeri Özdal 22 Israel: the importance of alternative media as a media accountability instrument 237 Noam Lemelshtrich Latar, Matan Aharoni, and Motti Poppel 23 Morocco: accountability at a nascent stage 247 Mohammed Ibahrine and Bouziane Zaid 24 Tunisia: the urgent need for media accountability 256 Abdelkrim Hizaoui 25 Egypt: no horizons for independent media accountability? 266 Hanan Badr and Nadia Leihs 26 Jordan: (still) co- opted and contained 277 Philip Madanat and Judith Pies 27 Iraq: citizens finally taking media into account 287 Anja Wollenberg 28 Iran: centralized control and tattered accountability 298 Mahsa Alimardani and Marcus Michaelsen vii Contents PART 6 Sub- Saharan Africa 309 29 Overview: sub- Saharan Africa 311 Herman Wasserman 30 Kenya: an exploration of media regulation and accountability 313 Levi Obonyo 31 Nigeria: democratic press, authoritarian government? 324 Chinyere Stella Okunna, Ngozi Marion Emmanuel, and Henry Chigozie Duru 32 Ghana: the double- bind of media freedom 335 Michael Yao Wodui Serwornoo, Benedine Azanu, Timothy Quashigah, and Modestus Fosu 33 South Africa: media accountability in a young democracy 345 Herman Wasserman 34 Namibia: fit for purpose? A critical assessment of the performance of the media ombudsperson system 354 Admire Mare and Hilary Mare 35 Uganda: the arduous quest for media accountability 364 William Tayeebwa 36 Zimbabwe: media accountability in an authoritarian context 374 Wallace Chuma PART 7 Asia 385 37 Overview: Asia 387 Shakuntala Rao 38 India: strong state, weak media accountability 389 Suruchi Mazumdar 39 Pakistan: corporatization and weak ethics 399 Sher Baz Khan viii Contents 40 Myanmar: potential diversity, unfulfilled hopes 408 Dominik Speck, Isabella Kurkowski, and Zayar Hlaing 41 Japan: corporate accountability first 418 César Castellvi 42 China: little prospect of enhanced media accountability 427 Sigrun Abels, Hendrik Ankenbrand, Doris Fischer, and Shi Ming 43 Hong Kong: media in political turmoil 437 Agnes Lam, Ernest Lau, and Florence Ng 44 Indonesia: a press council with exceptional powers 449 Angela Romano and Stanley Adi Prasetyo PART 8 Latin America 459 45 Overview: Latin America 461 Fernando Oliveira Paulino, Mariella Bastian, and Renata Gomes 46 Argentina: advances and setbacks in the democratization of communication 463 Cynthia Ottaviano 47 Brazil: media accountability instruments, journalists, and media ownership 474 Fernando Oliveira Paulino, Mariella Bastian, and Renata Gomes 48 Chile: double system of self-r egulation and a few union organizations 481 Fernando Gutiérrez Atala and Constanza Hormazábal Durand 49 Mexico: searching for a more independent and democratic media system 491 Lenin Martell and Laura Martínez Aguila 50 Colombia: media observatories and ombudspersons as places of reflection 502 Diego García Ramírez, María Patricia Téllez, and Edgar Allan Niño Prato ix
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