The Global Coastal Ocean: Interdisciplinary Regional Studies and Syntheses; The Coasts of Africa, Europe, Middle East, Oceania, and Polar Regions PDF
Preview The Global Coastal Ocean: Interdisciplinary Regional Studies and Syntheses; The Coasts of Africa, Europe, Middle East, Oceania, and Polar Regions
THE SEA Ideas and Observations on Progress in the Study of the Seas Volume 1 HILL/PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY Volume 2 HILL/COMPOSITION OF SEA WATER Volume 3 HILL/THE EARTH BENEATH THE SEA Volume 4 MAXWELL/NEW CONCEPTS OF SEA FLOOR EVOLUTION (IN TWO PARTS) Volume 5 GOLDBERG/MARINE CHEMISTRY Volume 6 GOLDBERG/MARINE MODELING Volume 7 EMILIANI/OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE Volume 8 ROWE/DEEP-SEA BIOLOGY Volume 9 Le MÉHAUTÉ/OCEAN ENGINEERING SCIENCE Volume 10 BRINK AND ROBINSON/THE GLOBAL COASTAL OCEAN: PROCESSES AND METHODS Volume 11 ROBINSON AND BRINK/THE GLOBAL COASTAL OCEAN: REGIONAL STUDIES AND SYNTHESES Volume 12 ROBINSON, MCCARTHY, AND ROTHSCHILD/BIOLOGICAL- PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS IN THE SEA `Volume 13 ROBINSON AND BRINK/THE GLOBAL COASTAL OCEAN: MULTISCALE INTERDISCIPLINARY PROCESSES Volume 14 ROBINSON AND BRINK/THE GLOBAL COASTAL OCEAN: INTERDISCIPLINARY REGIONAL STUDIES AND SYNTHESES (IN TWO PARTS) THE SEA Ideas and Observations on Progress in the Study of the Seas EDITORIAL BOARD ALLAN R. ROBINSON, Editor-in-Chief, Harvard University EDWARD A. BOYLE, Masssachusetts Institute of Technology KENNETH H. BRINK, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution KLAUS F. HASSELMANN, Max-Planck Institut für Meteorologie JAMES J. MCCARTHY, Harvard University I. NICHOLAS MCCAVE, University of Cambridge BRIAN J. ROTHSCHILD, University of Massachusetts, Dartmouth ii THE GLOBAL COASTAL OCEAN INTERDISCIPLINARY REGIONAL STUDIES AND SYNTHESES PART A: PANREGIONAL SYNTHESES AND THE COASTS OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA AND ASIA PART B: THE COASTS OF AFRICA, EUROPE, MIDDLE EAST, OCEANIA AND POLAR REGIONS Edited by ALLAN R. ROBINSON and KENNETH H. BRINK Harvard University Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution THE SEA Ideas and Observations on Progress in the Study of the Seas Volume 14 Part B Harvard University Press Cambridge, MA iii Copyright © 2006 by the President and Fellows of Harvard University All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Published with the financial assistance of UNESCO/IOC. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Robinson, Allan R. The Sea: Ideas and Observations on Progress in the Study of Seas Volume 14. Interdisciplinary Regional Studies and Syntheses Part A. Panregional Syntheses and the Coasts of North and South America and Asia Part B. The Coasts of Africa, Europe, Middle East, Oceania, and Polar Regions Allan R. Robinson and Kenneth H. Brink Includes bibliographic information and index 1. Oceanography 2. Submarine geology Part A. ISBN-13: 978-0674-1527-2 ISBN-10: 0-674-01527-4 Part B. ISBN-13: 978-0-674-02117-4 ISBN-10: 0-674-02117-7 Library of Congress catalog card number: 62018366 iv CONTENTS THE GLOBAL COASTAL OCEAN INTERDISCIPLINARY REGIONAL STUDIES AND SYNTHESES Foreword...........................................................................................................................................ix Preface...............................................................................................................................................xi Contributors...................................................................................................................................xiii External Reviewers......................................................................................................................xxiii PART A PART 1. PANREGIONAL INTERDISCIPLINARY OVERVIEWS 1. WESTERN OCEAN BOUNDARIES (W) by Steven E. Lohrenz and Belmiro M. Castro...............................................................3 2. EASTERN OCEAN BOUNDARIES (E) by David L. Mackas, P. Ted Strub, Andrew C. Thomas and Vivian Montecino..................................................................21 3 POLAR OCEAN COASTAL BOUNDARIES (P) by R. Grant Ingram, Edward C. Carmack, Fiona A. McLaughlin and Stephen Nicol................................61 4. SEMI-ENCLOSED SEAS, ISLANDS AND AUSTRALIA (S) by Temel Oguz and SU Jilan..........................................................................................83 PART 2. REGIONAL INTERDISCIPLINARY OCEANOGRAPHY* 5. OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE NORTHWEST ATLANTIC CONTINENTAL SHELF (1,W) by David W. Townsend, Andrew C. Thomas, Lawrence M. Mayer, Maura A. Thomas and John A. Quinlan....................................................................119 6. REGIONAL OCEANOGRAPHY: SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES AND GULF OF MEXICO (2,W) by Steven E. Lohrenz and Peter G. Verity.......................................169 7. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN THE ECOSYSTEMS OF THE INTRA-AMERICAS SEA (IAS) (3,W) by Elva Escobar-Briones.......................................................................225 8. MULTIDISCIPLINARY OCEANOGRAPHIC PROCESSES ON THE WESTERN ATLANTIC CONTINENTAL SHELF BETWEEN 4°N AND 34°S (4,W) by Belmiro M. Castro, Frederico P. Brandini, Ana Maria S. Pires-Vanin and Luiz B. Miranda................259 9. COASTAL OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE WESTERN SOUTH ATLANTIC CONTINENTAL SHELF (33 to 55°S) (5,W) by Gerardo M. E. Perillo, M. Cintia Piccolo and Jorge Marcovecchio......................................................................................................295 *The number and letter in parentheses following each title refer respectively to the coastal segment indicated on the map following the contents and to the panregional overview in Part 1 which includes that segment. Note that the region numbers differ from the chapter numbers. v 10. BIO-PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS OFF WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA (6,E) by Vivian Montecino, P. Ted Strub, Francisco Chavez, Andrew C. Thomas, Juan Tarazona, and Tim Baumgartner................................................................................329 11. COASTAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL AND ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES FROM THE EASTERN TROPICAL NORTH PACIFIC TO THE GULF OF CALIFORNIA (7,E) by Juan Carlos Herguera..............................................................................................391 12. INTERDISCIPLINARY OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN CON- TINENTAL MARGIN: VANCOUVER ISLAND TO THE TIP OF BAJA CALIFORNIA (8,E) by David L. Mackas......................................................................................................441 13. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE NORTHEASTERN PACIFIC CONTINENTAL SHELVES (9,P) by Thomas C. Royer......................................................................................................503 14. EASTERN ASIA, KAMCHATKA TO OYASHIO REGION (10a,W) by Michio J. Kishi, Hiroshi Kawamura, Vradim V. Navrotsky and Osamu Isoguchi.............................511 15. FAR EASTERN ASIA/KUROSHIO REGION (10b,W) by Takashige Sugimoto and Michio J. Kishi...............................................................................................................529 16. INTERDISCIPLINARY PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES OF THE SEA OF OK- HOTSK AND THE JAPAN/EAST SEA (11,S) by Chang-Ik Zhang, Vladimir I. Radchenko, Takashige Sugimoto and Sangmin Hyun..........................549 17. NUTRIENT DYNAMICS OF THE CHINA SEAS: THE BOHAI SEA, YELLOW SEA, EAST CHINA SEA AND SOUTH CHINA SEA (12,S) by Jing Zhang and SU Jilan................637 18. MONSOONAL FORCING AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL ENVIRONMENTS OF OUTER SOUTH- EAST ASIA SEAS (13,S) by Kon-Kee Liu, Shenn-Yu Chao, John Marra and Anond Snidvongs.........................................................................................................673 19. COASTAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THE NORTH INDIAN OCEAN (14,S-W) by S. Wajih A. Naqvi, Pradip V. Narvekar and Ehrlich Desa..................................723 PART B 20. THE COASTAL OCEANS OF SOUTH-EASTERN AFRICA (15,W) by Johann R. E. Lutjeharms.........................................................................................783 21. VARIABILITY OF THE BENGUELA CURRENT SYSTEM (16,E) by John G. Field and Frank A. Shillington......................................................................................................835 22. A NOTE ON COASTAL UPWELLINGS AND FISHERIES IN THE GULF OF GUINEA (17,E) by Claude Roy................................................................................................................865 23. OCEANOGRAPHY AND FISHERIES OF THE CANARY CURRENT/IBERIAN REGION OF THE EASTERN NORTH ATLANTIC (18a,E) by Javier Aristegui, Xose A. Alvarez- Salgado, Eric D. Barton, Francisco G. Figueiras, Santiago Hernandez-Leon, Claude Roy and Antonio M. P. Santos.......................................................................879 24. THE BAY OF BISCAY: THE ENCOUNTERING OF THE OCEAN AND THE SHELF (18b,E) by Alicia M. Lavin, Luis Valdes, Francisco Sanchez, Pablo Abaunza, Andre Forest, Jean Boucher, Pascal Lazure and Ann-Marie Jegou.................................................935 25. INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES IN THE CELTIC SEAS (19,E) by Jonathan Sharples and Patrick M. Holligan.....................................................................................................1003 vi 26. THE BALTIC AND NORTH SEAS: A REGIONAL REVIEW OF SOME IMPORTANT PHYSI- CAL-CHEMICAL-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTION PROCESSES (20,S) by Johan Rodhe, Paul Tett, and Fredrik Wulff......................................................................................1033 27. ICELAND, FAROE AND NORWEGIAN COASTS (21,E) by Eilif Gaard, Astthor Gislason and Webjorn Melle........................................................................1077 28. LAPTEV AND EAST SIBERIAN SEAS (23,P) by Sergey V. Pivovarov, Jens A. Holemann, Heidemarie Kassens, Dieter Piepenburg and Michael K. Schmid......................................................................................................1111 29. ECOSYSTEM OF THE BARENTS AND KARA SEAS COASTAL SEGMENT (22,P) by Mikhail Yu. Kulakov, Vladimir B. Pogrebov, Sergey F. Timofeyev, Natalia V. Chernova and Olga A.Kiyko...................................................................1139 30. PHYSICAL FORCING OF ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS ON THE BERING SEA SHELF (24,P) by Phyllis J. Stabeno, George L. Hunt, Jr., Jeffrey M. Napp and James D. Schumacher.................................................................................................1177 31. OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE (26,P) by Fiona A. McLaughlin, Edward C. Carmack, R. Grant Ingram, William J. Williams and Christine Michel.................................................................1213 32. THE PHYSICAL, SEDIMENTARY AND ECOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND VARIABILITY OF SHELF AREAS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA (27,S) by Nadia Pinardi, Enrico Arneri, Alessandro Crise, Mariangela Ravaioli and Marco Zavatarelli...1245 33. PHYSICAL AND BIOGEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BLACK SEA (28,S) by Temel Oguz, Suleyman Tugrul, A. Erkan Kideys, Vedat Ediger and Nilgun Kubilay............................................................................................................1333 34. SEAS OF THE ARABIAN REGION (29,S) by Claudio Richter and Ahmad Abu-Hilal...............................................................1373 35. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND SEDIMEN- TOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN AUSTRALIA’S SHELF SEAS (30,W-S) by Scott A. Condie and Peter T. Harris......................................................................................................1413 36. NEW ZEALAND SHELF REGION (31,S) by Janet M. Bradford Grieve, P. Keith Probert, Keith B. Lewis, Philip Sutton, John Zeldis and Alan R. Orpin..............................................................................................................1451 37. OCEANOGRAPHIC INFLUENCES ON ANTARCTIC ECOSYSTEMS: OBSERVATIONS AND INSIGHTS FROM EAST ANTARCTICA (0° TO 150°E) (32,P) by Stephen Nicol, Anthony P. Worby, Peter G. Strutton and Thomas W. Trull.................................1493 Index ............................................................................................................................................1535 vii viii FOREWORD Coastal areas are vital to the life-support system of our planet. They represent 20 percent of the Earth’s surface, yet serve as the home for over 50 percent of the entire human population. Coastal populations are expected to account for 75 per- cent of the total world population by the year 2025. A significant number of the world’s megacities, with more than 8 million inhabitants, are located in coastal areas. Coastal ecosystems produce about 25 percent of global biological productiv- ity and yield 90 percent of global fisheries. As a result of these dense human popu- lations, the coasts suffer the effects of intense coastal development that threatens the integrity of coastal ecosystems. The effective management and protection of coastal ecosystems must be sci- ence-based. With this general purpose in mind, the COASTS Programme, spon- sored by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO and the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research, was established to promote and facili- tate research and applications in interdisciplinary coastal and shelf ocean sciences and technology on a global basis to increase scientific understanding of coastal ocean processes. The production line of science functions constantly and without pause. It works through a myriad of individual contributions and the publication of scientific “pa- pers,” often written in isolation from other work. Each project answers the next question down a logical chain of analysis of a given phenomenon. Each answer reflects and acknowledges the particular perspective of the authors. Apparently, there is no “a priori” plan. But collectively, all these elemental contributions build the edifice of science, and push back the boundary of the unknown. For this collective knowledge to be used, a major effort of synthesis must be organized on a regular basis. This is the purpose for COASTS for the management of coastal oceans. Through this programme, the IOC is facilitating the synthesis of oceanographic knowledge and communicating those results to a wide audience. We are fortunate in that the recent advances in interdisciplinary ocean sciences allow us to identify research issues better and to make feasible definitive studies on several topics. These advances need to be understood by all at national, re- gional and global levels. This need is very effectively served by the monographic volumes of The Sea, which are a reference point in the advance of oceanography, helping to train future generations of oceanographers around the world. The results emerging from the present volumes are expected to lead to the sustainable use of the resources of the coastal oceans, producing a knowledge base on the science of the coastal oceans for developed and developing nations alike. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO is proud to be associated with this very meaningful and high quality academic activity. ix IOC is grateful to Professor Allan Robinson for his leadership of the COASTS Programme, and to Dr. Kenneth Brink, along with the authors of the introductory chapters and the external reviewers, together with a large international ocean science community, for their contributions towards the realization of Volumes 13 and 14 of The Sea. PATRICIO A. BERNAL ASSISTANT DIRECTOR GENERAL, UNESCO EXECUTIVE SECRETARY, IOC July, 2004 x
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