The Glaucomas: Volume II - Open Angle Glaucoma and Angle Closure Glaucoma

967 Pages·2014·54.83 MB·English

by  Roberto Sampaolesi

The Glaucomas
Volume II
Open Angle Glaucoma and
Angle Closure Glaucoma
Roberto Sampaolesi
Juan Roberto Sampaolesi
Jorge Zárate
DVDVIDEO
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The Glaucomas

Roberto Sampaolesi (cid:129) Juan Roberto
Sampaolesi (cid:129) Jorge Zárate
The Glaucomas
Volume II
Open Angle Glaucoma and Angle
Closure Glaucoma
Roberto Sampaolesi, MD Jorge Zárate, MD
Faculty of Medicine Faculty of Medicine
Department of Ophthalmology Department of Pathology
University of Buenos Aires University of Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires Buenos Aires
Argentina Argentina
Juan Roberto Sampaolesi, MD
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Ophthalmology
UCES
Buenos Aires
Argentina
ISBN 978-3-642-35499-1 ISBN 978-3-642-35500-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-35500-4
Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013944209
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This book is dedicated to my wife, Erica. For the past 45 years,
she helped me with patients, surgeries, and in the previous two
editions of this book in Spanish. She also recorded each case in
an index, which, in writing this book, was invaluable to consult
the anatomical and functional results 12–40 years after the
operations.
I also dedicate this book to my mother, Angelita Bouzon
Sampaolesi, my father, Dr. Juan Sampaolesi, gynecologist,
from whom I learned the values of life and the ethics of our
profession, which inspired me to write this book. My beloved
children, Anneliese, Juan Roberto, Mario, and Mariana,
and my dear grandchildren, Lucas, Franco, Marina, Maximo,
Camila, Santo, Felipe, and Francesco, whose presence has
brought joy to the last years of my life.

Foreword

The 1994 edition of Roberto Sampaolesi’s book on glaucoma was a hand-
book for glaucomatologists with knowledge of Spanish. With this English
edition, this long hidden treasure becomes available to all English-speaking
ophthalmologists. The extensively updated edition is the result of a lifelong
work dedicated to ophthalmology and glaucoma by an exceptionally talented
and ef fi cient person, tireless in patient care, research, and teaching, always
ready to reach out for new concepts and to turn ideas into action. The book is
extraordinary in many regards. It is old-fashioned while being at the height of
modernity: old-fashioned because it is a book summarizing 60 years of expe-
rience in every fi eld of glaucoma; modern because it is at the forefront in
evaluating and using new technologies and new therapeutics; old-fashioned
because it quotes publications in many languages as far back as the times of
von Graefe; modern because it makes use of new research techniques and
databases such as Medline and others.
That this book could reach this level of excellence has its roots in the way
Roberto Sampaolesi has accumulated knowledge and skills since his youth.
After fi nishing medical school in 1951, he acquired a background in basic
sciences—physics, chemistry, anatomy, histology, and especially in physiol-
ogy—spending years with Bernardo Houssay, the Nobel laureate of 1947.
Then he trained in ophthalmology in a way that today has become impossible,
becoming a fellow for varying periods of time with some of the best-known
ophthalmologists of the time: H.K. Müller and G. Meyer-Schwikerath in
Bonn, W. Leydhecker in Würzburg, C. Cüppers in Giessen, for surgery with
Leornardi and Bietti in Rome, Pau fi que in Lyon, and Schepens in Boston, not
to mention that this training period began under Marc Amsler in Zurich in
1955, as documented in “Remembrances of things past” in Survey of
Ophthalmology [1]. He became the most prominent fellow that the Eye
Department of Zurich had ever had and also one of its best friends. When
later he became professor of ophthalmology and department head in Buenos
Aires, he continued broadening his network of knowledge sources, localizing
with a particularly sharp instinct the new ideas and techniques of younger and
older colleagues throughout the world. With this background, he documented
with painstaking accuracy what he observed in more than 8,000 glaucoma
patients.
A few highlights in his skills may be pointed out as follows.
The fi rst is Sampaolesi’s experience with pediatric glaucomas. He is
an excellent teacher in care for newborns and infants in daily practice and
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viii Foreword
measuring intraocular pressure without anesthesia in infants. In 1969, he
taught us that normal newborns, infants, and children have much lower
intraocular pressure than what had been assumed until that time and that this
had to be considered in glaucoma control in infants. In 1973, he showed that
the most reliable tool to check glaucoma in newborns and infants was the
measurement of the length of the globe using echometry as long as intraocu-
lar pressure had to be measured under general anesthesia with all its sources
for errors. He has been teaching since 1972 that trabeculotomy combined
with -ectomy was the surgical procedure of choice in refractory congenital
glaucomas.
The second is gonioscopy. Highlighted by his drawings, he stresses the
undeniable importance of gonioscopy for glaucoma classi fi cation. He dem-
onstrates how to differentiate normal fi ndings and true dysgenetic changes in
the developing angle. Gonioscopic fi ndings are complemented by histology
and electron microscopy of trabeculectomy specimens in an exemplary way.
The third regards the role of intraocular pressure and its level in open-
angle glaucoma. Since his beginnings in ophthalmology, Roberto Sampaolesi
has puzzled over so-called normal or low-pressure glaucoma. In 1961, in his
publication on 24-h pressure curves—pressures taken when most ophthal-
mologists are still sleeping!—he had unveiled pressure peaks in most of these
normal and low-tension glaucomas. His growing experience let him with-
stand the wave that carne around every 20 years attempting to downgrade
intraocular pressure to a simple risk factor among others. The evaluation of
the follow-up of approximately 7,000 glaucoma patients 47 years later
con fi rmed his 1961 fi ndings, and the recent placebo-controlled prospective
multicenter studies prove what may have been considered a hypothesis;
namely, that for the single eye, overly high intraocular pressure is the main
cause of glaucomatous damage.
Springer Verlag deserves thanks for publishing a book that will become a
landmark of both past and future knowledge. The book may become an excel-
lent companion and a source of knowledge for every ophthalmologist caring
for glaucoma patients for many years.
Zurich Balder P. Gloor
October 2012 PROF. EMER. DR. MED.
Reference
1. Jay B, Sampaolesi R (1996) Remembrance of things past. Surv Ophthalmol
40:400–404
Prologue
Glaucoma , the fi rst book of Roberto Sampaolesi dealing with all aspects of
this most important dif fi cult disease of ophthalmology, published in 1974
(a second edition in 1994) consisting of 904 pages, was then the most complete
description of all aspects of glaucoma.
Roberto Sampaolesi was not only one of the very few ophthalmologists
dealing for a great time of his life with the problem of congenital glau-
coma, but also describing all aspects of diagnosis and showing the results
of the greatest number of surgically treated patients. He was the one who
fi nally showed the importance of the “Curva diaria,” already mentioned
by Hans Goldmann and Wolfgang Leydhecker. He evaluated the impor-
tance of this feature for the very early diagnosis and the precise follow-up
of the glaucomas. This and many other aspects were already described in
the two books, which are so far the most complete description of this
disease.
In the Spanish-speaking world, these classics on glaucoma are recognized
as standard textbooks on the topic. For those of us not quite fl uent in Spanish,
we must be grateful that these texts have now been translated into English.
Furthermore, the present edition gives the most complete overview of this
topic—evaluating the world literature published 15 years after his last book
and also summarizing his own profound experience.
Looking at this collection of a life devoted to studies of the glaucomas
by one of the great masters of ophthalmology of our time, we believe
they con fi rm the statement by our great-grandfather in ophthalmology,
Theodor Axenfeld: He summarized his wisdom in 1929 at the 13th
International Congress of Ophthalmology in Amsterdam: “Science and
the art of medicine can develop their highest bloom only if all people
collaborate for the great tree of life. The various branches alternate in
producing fl owers and fruits within the family of nations. The spirit
shows up here and there unpredictably. Everybody of us is responsible
that he includes everything for the care of his patient regardless where it
originates. So the joint cooperation and effort from all of us is essential
and an indispensable duty.”
Roberto Sampaolesi and his coauthors and the publisher deserve praise
that they have made the translation of this summa of a lifetime of work in
ophthalmology and particularly the glaucomas possible.
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