The German Language: A Linguistic Introduction

274 Pages·2003·0.777 MB·

by  Jean Boase-Beier, Ken R. Lodge

The
THE
German
GERMAN
Language
LANGUAGE
A Linguistic Introduction
Jean Boase-Beier and Ken Lodge

THE GERMAN LANGUAGE
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC)
Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar PostalveolarRetroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal
Plosive p b t d t Î c J k g q G ?
Nasal m  n ≤ ¯ ˜ N
Trill b r R
Tap or Flap Q Œ
Fricative F β f v T D s z S Z ß Ω C Ô x ƒ X ‰ Ó ¿ h ˙
Lateral ¬ …
fricative
Approximant V ® „ j M
Lateral l Ò ¥ L
approximant
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS
Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Front Central Back
\ Bilabial ∫ Bilabial ’ Examples: Close i y ˆ ¨ µ u
I Y U
| Dental ∂Dental/alveolar p’ Bilabial Close-mid e Ø e ø Ï o
! (Post)alveolar S Palatal t’ Dental/alveolar @
» Palatoalveolar ©Velar k’ Velar Open-mid E “ ´ „ √ O
« Alveolar lateral ç Uvular s’ Alveolar fricative { å
Open a ” A Å
OTHER SYMBOLS Where symbols appear in pairs, the one
∑Voiceless labial-velar fricative Ç Alveolo-palatal fricatives to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Û
w W
Voiced labial-velar approximant Alveolar lateral flap
Á Í S x
Voiced labial-palatal approximant Simultaneous and
HVoiceless epiglottal fricative Affricates and double articula- @ t‡s SUPRASEGMENTALS
˘ Voiced epiglottal fricative tsiyomnsb ocalsn jboein reedp rbeys ean ttieed b bayr itfwo ' Primary stress
≥ Epiglottal plosive necessary. " Secondary stress
æfoUn@'tIS@n
DIACRITICS Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.˚˜ : Long e:
: e:
Half-long
8Voiceless n8 d8 3Breathy voiced b3 a3 9 Dental t9 d9 % Extra-short %e
6Voiced 6s Q `Creaky voiced b` `a ª Apical tª dª | Minor (foot) group
«
hAspirated th dh Linguolabial t d 0 Laminal t0 d0 . Major (intonat io®ni). {grokupt
) More rounded O) wLabialized tw dw ~Nasalized ~e ‡LSyinllkaibnlge (barbesaeknce of a break)
( Less rounded O( j Palatalized tj dj n Nasal release dn
± Advanced u± ƒ Velarized tƒ dƒ l Lateral release dl TONES AND WORD ACCENTS
4 4e ¿ t¿ d¿ d LEVEL CONTOUR
#Retracted #e `Pharyngealized Ú No audible release ™eor⁄ Ehixgthra e Rising
Centralized Velarized or pharyngealized é ¤High ê Falling
≈ Mid-centralized e≈ >Raised >e ( >® = voiced alveolar fricative) $e ‹Mid e High rising
æ Syllabic N <Lowered <e (ı<= voiced bilabial approximant) è ›Low `e Low rising
7 7e ‚ ‚e ¡e fiEloxwtra e Rising-falling
Non-syllabic Advanced Tongue Root - Downstep — Global rise
ÆRhoticity @ÆaÆ ·Retracted Tongue Root e· _ Upstep – Global fall
THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 1993, corrected 1996)
Source: Reprinted by permission of the International Phonetic Association
(http://www2.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/ipa.html).
The IPA can be contacted through the Secretary, John Esling ([email protected]).
The
THE
German
GERMAN
Language
LANGUAGE
A Linguistic Introduction
Jean Boase-Beier and Ken Lodge
© 2003 by Jean Boase-Beier and Ken Lodge
350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5018, USA
108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK
550 Swanston Street, Carlton South, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
Kurfürstendamm 57, 10707 Berlin, Germany
The right of Jean Boase-Beier and Ken Lodge to be identified as the Authors of this
Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents
Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright,
Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
First published 2003 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Boase-Beier, Jean.
The German language : a linguistic introduction / Jean Boase-Beier and Ken
Lodge.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-631-23138-2 (alk. paper) — ISBN 0-631-23139-0 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. German language—Study and teaching. 2. Linguistics. I. Lodge, K. R.
(Ken R.) II. Title.
PF3066 .B63 2003
438′.0071—dc21
2002007794
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.
Set in 10/121/2pt Sabon
by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong
Printed and bound in the United Kingdom
by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall
For further information on
Blackwell Publishing, visit our website:
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com
Contents
CONTENTS
Preface ix
Abbreviations xi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 What is the German Language? 1
1.2 A Linguistic Description 3
1.3 The Grammar and Grammatical Knowledge 5
1.4 Other Linguistic Knowledge 11
1.5 Further Reading 14
2 Syntax 16
2.1 The Concept of Syntax 16
2.2 Phrase Structures of German 22
2.3 Case in German 28
2.4 The Position of the German Verb 32
2.5 Syntactic Processes 40
2.6 Further Reading 45
Exercises 46
3 Morphology 48
3.1 Morphemes and Morphology 48
3.2 Morphology and Word-Formation 52
3.2.1 Inflection 53
3.2.2 Derivation 55
3.2.3 Compounding 62
3.2.4 Conversion 69
3.2.5 Other Morphological Processes 72
3.3 The Relationship between Morphology and
Phonology 78
3.4 Productivity 80
3.5 Borrowings from Other Languages 82
vi Contents
3.6 The Relationship between Morphology and Syntax 85
3.7 Further Reading 88
Exercises 89
4 Phonetics 90
4.1 Introduction 90
4.2 Air-stream Type 91
4.3 State of the Glottis 92
4.4 State of the Velum 93
4.5 Oral Articulators 93
4.6 Manner 94
4.7 Lip Position 96
4.8 Vocoid Articulations 97
4.9 Place of Articulation 100
4.10 Resonance 102
4.11 Voice Onset Time 103
4.12 The Transcription of German and English 104
4.13 Further Reading 106
Exercises 106
5 Phonology 107
5.1 Preliminaries 107
5.2 Syllable Structure 110
5.3 The Obstruents 117
5.4 Affricates 123
5.5 Nasals 124
5.6 Other Consonants 125
5.7 Vowels 127
5.8 Connected Speech 133
5.8.1 Assimilation 134
5.8.2 Lenition 136
5.8.3 Shortening 137
5.8.4 Deletion 138
5.9 Further Reading 140
Exercises 140
6 Lexis 141
6.1 The Lexicon and the Nature of Lexical Entries 141
6.2 Thematic Structure 143
6.3 Categories of Lexical Items 145
6.4 The Meaning of Lexical Items 147
6.5 The Nature of Lexical Items 150
6.6 Relations among Lexical Items 154
6.7 Sense Relations 156
Contents vii
6.8 Further Reading 162
Exercises 163
7 Stylistics 164
7.1 Stylistics and the Style of Texts 164
7.2 Style and Deviation 165
7.3 Stylistic Principles 170
7.4 Metaphor 172
7.5 Repetition 175
7.6 Iconicity 177
7.7 Compression 180
7.8 Ambiguity 182
7.9 Cohesion 186
7.10 Style and Choice 188
7.11 Further Reading 191
Exercises 192
8 Historical Background 193
8.1 Preliminaries 193
8.2 Phonology 195
8.3 Umlaut 199
8.4 Morphology 200
8.5 Syntactic Changes 204
8.6 Lexical and Semantic Changes 206
8.7 External Influences 210
8.8 Further Reading 213
Exercises 214
9 Contemporary Variation 215
9.1 Preliminaries 215
9.2 Variation by Use 218
9.3 Variation by User 225
9.3.1 Regional Accents 226
9.3.2 Morphological and Syntactic Variation 231
9.3.3 Lexical Variation 234
9.4 Further Reading 236
Exercises 236
References 237
Index 249