The Geography of South Africa: Contemporary Changes and New Directions PDF
Preview The Geography of South Africa: Contemporary Changes and New Directions
World Regional Geography Book Series Jasper Knight · Christian M. Rogerson Editors The Geography of South Africa Contemporary Changes and New Directions World Regional Geography Book Series Series Editor Eduardo F. J. De Mulder Haarlem, The Netherlands What does Finland mean to a Finn, Sichuan to a Sichuanian, and California to a Californian? How are physical and human geographical factors reflected in their present-day inhabitants? And how are these factors interrelated? How does history, culture, socio-economy, language and demography impact and characterize and identify an average person in such regions today? How does that determine her or his well-being, behaviour, ambitions and perspectives for the future? These are the type of questions that are central to The World Regional Geography Book Series, where physically and socially coherent regions are being characterized by their roots and future perspectives described through a wide variety of scientific disciplines. The Book Series presents a dynamic overall and in-depth picture of specific regions and their people. In times of globalization renewed interest emerges for the region as an entity, its people, its landscapes and their roots. Books in this Series will also provide insight in how people from different regions in the world will anticipate on and adapt to global challenges as climate change and to supra-regional mitigation measures. This, in turn, will contribute to the ambitions of the International Year of Global Understanding to link the local with the global, to be proclaimed by the United Nations as a UN-Year for 2016, as initiated by the International Geographical Union. Submissions to the Book Series are also invited on the theme ‘The Geography of…’, with a relevant subtitle of the authors/editors choice. Proposals for the series will be considered by the Series Editor and International Editorial Board. This book series is published in cooperation with the International Geographical Union (IGU). The IGU is an international, non-governmental, professional organization devoted to the development of the discipline of Geography. The purposes of the IGU are primarily to promote Geography through initiating and coordinating geographical research and teaching in all countries of the world. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13179 Jasper Knight • Christian M. Rogerson Editors The Geography of South Africa Contemporary Changes and New Directions Editors Jasper Knight Christian M. Rogerson School of Geography, Archaeology School of Tourism and Hospitality & Environmental Studies University of Johannesburg University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg, South Africa Johannesburg, South Africa ISSN 2363-9083 ISSN 2363-9091 (electronic) World Regional Geography Book Series ISBN 978-3-319-94973-4 ISBN 978-3-319-94974-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94974-1 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018953049 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Picture Credit: Anton Balazh - Fotolia.com. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Contents 1 The Development and Context of Geography in South Africa .............................. 1 Jasper Knight and Christian M. Rogerson Part I P hysical and Environmental Geography 2 The Making of the South African Landscape.......................................................... 7 Jasper Knight 3 Mapping the Environment, Past and Present .......................................................... 15 Stefania Merlo 4 Minerals and Mining in South Africa ...................................................................... 27 Paul A. M. Nex and Judith A. Kinnaird 5 Climate Change During the Late Quaternary in South Africa ............................. 37 Jasper Knight and Jennifer M. Fitchett 6 The Holocene Climates of South Africa ................................................................... 47 Jennifer M. Fitchett 7 South African Biomes and Their Changes Over Time ........................................... 57 Jemma M. Finch and Michael E. Meadows 8 Ecosystem Services in South Africa .......................................................................... 71 Catherine Sutherland and Bahle Mazeka 9 Multi-Scale Drivers of the South African Weather and Climate ........................... 81 Christopher Lennard 10 Water Resources in South Africa .............................................................................. 91 Jasper Knight 11 Contemporary Surface Processes and Landscape Change .................................... 103 Peter Holmes 12 Soils, Agriculture and Food ....................................................................................... 111 Chris C. du Preez, Elmarie Kotzé, and Cornie W. van Huyssteen Part II H uman Geography 13 Human Evolution, Archaeology and the South African Stone Age Landscape During the Last 100,000 Years ............................................................... 125 Sarah Wurz v vi Contents 14 T he Geography of Heritage in South Africa ............................................................ 133 Clinton D. van der Merwe 15 A griculture and Agrarian Change in South Africa ................................................ 143 Stephen Greenberg 16 Small Town Change in South Africa ........................................................................ 153 Gijsbert Hoogendoorn and Etienne Nel 17 T he Geography of Education: From Race to Class Apartheid? ............................ 159 Tracey McKay 18 H ow Food Secure Are South Africa’s Cities? .......................................................... 169 Jane Battersby and Gareth Haysom 19 Housing and Shelter in South Africa ........................................................................ 179 Ruth Massey and Ashley Gunter 20 T he Economic Development of South Africa’s Townships ..................................... 187 Christian M. Rogerson 21 Gentrification in South African Cities ..................................................................... 195 Gustav Visser 22 C reative Industries and Neighbourhood Change in South African Cities ........... 203 James J. Gregory 23 T ourism and Accommodation Services in South Africa: A Spatial Perspective .. 213 Christian M. Rogerson and Jayne M. Rogerson Part III South Africa and the Contemporary World 24 S outh Africa in the Global Political Economy: The BRICS Connection .............. 223 Pádraig Carmody 25 C hanging Geographies of Immigration to South Africa ........................................ 229 Sally Ann Peberdy 26 Geographies and Geographers of Post- Apartheid Poverty .................................... 241 Siân Butcher 27 R evamping Local Economic Development Policy in South Africa ........................ 253 Christian M. Rogerson 28 C onnecting South Africa: ICTs, Uneven Development and Poverty Debates ........................................................................................................................ 261 Mohammad Amir Anwar 29 I nnovation in a Changing South Africa: Extant Debates and Critical Reflections ................................................................................................................... 269 Irma Booyens and Tim G. B. Hart 30 T owards a Broader Conceptualisation of Environmental Justice in South Africa............................................................................................................ 279 Llewellyn Leonard Contents vii 31 Geological and Environmental Hazards in South Africa ....................................... 285 Jasper Knight 32 Disasters and Disaster Risk Management in South Africa .................................... 295 Christina Culwick 33 South Africa’s Future Climate: Trends and Projections ........................................ 305 Mark R. Jury 34 New Perspectives on the Discipline of Geography in South Africa ....................... 313 Jasper Knight Index .................................................................................................................................... 319 Contributors Mohammad Amir Anwar Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK School of Tourism & Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa Jane Battersby African Centre for Cities, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Irma Booyens Human Science Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa School of Tourism & Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa Siân Butcher School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Pádraig Carmody Department of Geography, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland Department of Geography, Environmental Management & Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa Christina Culwick Gauteng City-Region Observatory, Johannesburg, South Africa Chris C. Du Preez Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa Jemma M. Finch School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, South Africa Jennifer M. Fitchett School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Stephen Greenberg African Centre for Biodiversity, Johannesburg, South Africa James J. Gregory Department of Geography, Environmental Management & Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa Ashley Gunter Department of Geography, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa Tim G. B. Hart Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa Department of Sociology & Social Anthropology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa Gareth Haysom African Centre for Cities, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa Peter Holmes Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa Gijsbert Hoogendoorn Department of Geography, Environmental Management & Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa ix x Contributors Mark R. Jury University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa, South Africa Department of Physics, University of Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, PR, USA Judith A. Kinnaird Economic Geology Research Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Jasper Knight School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Elmarie Kotzé Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa Christopher Lennard Climate Systems Analysis Group, Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa Llewellyn Leonard School of Tourism & Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa Ruth Massey Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Geography, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa Bahle Mazeka School of the Built Environment and Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa Tracey McKay Department of Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Roodepoort, South Africa Michael E. Meadows Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa Stefania Merlo School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Etienne Nel Department of Geography, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand School of Tourism & Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa Paul A.M. Nex Economic Geology Research Institute, School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Sally Ann Peberdy Gauteng City-Region Observatory, Johannesburg, South Africa Christian M. Rogerson School of Tourism & Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa Jayne M. Rogerson School of Tourism & Hospitality, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa Catherine Sutherland School of the Built Environment and Development Studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa Clinton D. van der Merwe School of Education, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Cornie W. van Huyssteen Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa Gustav Visser Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa Sarah Wurz The School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa SFF Centre for Early Sapiens Behaviour (SapienCE), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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