The Geography of Religion: Faith, Place, and Space PDF
Preview The Geography of Religion: Faith, Place, and Space
The Geography of Religion The Geography of Religion Faith, Place, and Space W. RoGER STuMP ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowmanlittlefield.com Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Copyright © 2008 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stump, Roger W., 1951- The geography of religion : faith, place, and space I Roger W. Stump. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7425-1080-7 (doth: alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-7425-1080-8 (doth: alk. paper) 1. Religion and geography. I. Title. BL65.G4S78 2008 200.9--dc22 2007045921 Printed in the United States of America @ TMThe paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/ NISO Z39.48-1992. For Julia, Adam, and Owen Contents List of Illustrations Xl Preface XV 1. Introduction The Upper West Side Eruv 1 Religion as a Cultural System 7 The Mutability of Religions 10 The Multiformity of Religions 12 Faith, Place, and Space 16 Religious Distributions 19 Context and Faith 21 Secular Space 24 Sacred Space 25 Notes 28 2. The Spatial Dynamics of Religious Distributions 33 Religious Hearths 35 The Indic Region 39 Vedism 40 jainism 42 Buddhism 43 Hinduism 45 Sikhism 49 The Semitic Region 49 Proto-judaism 50 judaism 53 Christianity 56 Islam 59 Processes of Spatial Change 63 Migration 63 Incidental Diffusion through Migration 64 Religious Meanings in Migration 68 Persecution and Discrimination 71 Migration and New Beginnings 75 Vll CONTENTS Vlll Conversion 77 Spatial Effects ofM issionary Activity 80 Spatial Effects ofR eligious Hegemony 88 Spatial Effects ofS elective Social Factors 91 Conversion and Place 92 Contraction 97 Conclusions 101 Notes 102 3. The Contextuality of Religions 109 Hinduism 113 Southern India 114 Muslim Conquests and Regional Diversity 117 Regional and Local Developments 120 Judaism 121 Sephardic Judaism 123 Ashkenazic Judaism 124 Hasidic judaism 127 Reform judaism 129 Ultra-Orthodox judaism 131 Buddhism 133 Origins of Mahayana Buddhism 134 Origins of Theravada Buddhism 136 Diffusion in Central and East Asia 137 China 140 Korea 144 japan 144 Tibet 147 Mongolia 151 Diffusion in Southeast Asia 152 Burma and Thailand 153 Cambodia and Laos 156 Vietnam 157 Christianity 159 Eastern and Western Christianity 161 Eastern Orthodoxy 164 Roman Catholicism 166 Protestantism 169 Lutheranism 170 Zwinglianism 172 Calvinism 173 Anglicanism 176 Puritanism and Pietism 177 Radicals and Separatists 179 CONTENTS IX Christianity in the Americas 182 Christianity in Africa 185 Islam 188 Sunni Islam 189 Sunni Legal Schools 190 Sufism 193 Reformism and Revivalism 198 Sunni Fundamentalism 203 Shia Islam 207 Twelver Shiism 208 Shiite Sects 209 Modern Heterodox Sects 212 Conclusions 216 Notes 218 4. Religious Territoriality in Secular Space 221 Internal Expressions of Religious Territoriality 224 The Communal Scale 224 Communal Spaces 225 Hegemonic Religious Groups 229 Religious Minorities 231 Monastic Spaces 238 Narrower Scales 239 Body Space 239 Home and Family Space 250 Wider Scales 252 Imagined Communities ofB elievers 253 Religious Institutions 253 Less Formal Sources ofI nteraction 256 Religion and Secular Social Structures 257 Religion and Political Structures 260 Intersections among Scales 264 External Expressions of Religious Territoriality 266 The Communal Scale 268 Public Space 268 Social Space 272 Narrower Scales 279 Religious Adherence 280 Moral Behavior 281 Wider Scales 283 The State 283 International and Global Concerns 291 Intersections among Scales 294 Conclusions 294 Notes 297
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