The Geography of Ethnic Violence: Identity, Interests, and the Indivisibility of Territory

241 Pages·2003·3.054 MB·English

by  Monica Duffy Toft

THE GEOGRAPHY OF ETHNIC VIOLENCE
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THE GEOGRAPHY
OF ETHNIC VIOLENCE
IDENTITY, INTERESTS, AND
THE INDIVISIBILITY OF TERRITORY
Monica Duffy Toft
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON AND OXFORD
Copyright (cid:1) 2003 by Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street,
Princeton, New Jersey 08540
In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 3 Market Place,
Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1SY
All Rights Reserved
ISBN: 0-691-11354-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Toft, Monica Duffy, 1965–
The geography of ethnic violence: identity, interests, and the indivisibility of territory /
Monica Duffy Toft.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-691-11354-8 (alk. paper)
1. Political violence. 2. Partition, Territorial. 3. Nationalism. 4. Human
geography. 5. Ethnic conflict—Former Soviet republics—Case studies. 6. Former
Soviet republics—Ethnic relations—Case studies. I. Title.
JC328.6 .T64 2003
303.6—dc21 2002042463
British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available
This book has been composed in Galliard.
Printed on acid-free paper. (cid:1)
www.pupress.princeton.edu
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Ivan
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Contents
Illustrations ix
Preface xi
1. The Forgotten Meaning of Territory 1
2. Indivisible Territory and Ethnic War 17
3. Territory and Violence: A Statistical Assessment 34
4. Russia and Tatarstan 45
5. Russia and Chechnya 64
6. Georgia and Abkhazia 87
7. Georgia and Ajaria 107
8. Conclusion 127
Appendix Tables 149
Notes 167
References 203
Index 219
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Illustrations
Tables
2.1. Ethnic Groups and the Demand for Sovereignty 26
2.2. Bargaining Model: Indivisibility of Issues 30
3.1. Rebellion Variable 35
3.2. Composite Rebellion Variable 36
3.3. Spatial-Concentration Variable 36
3.4. Settlement-Pattern Variable 37
3.5. Overview of MAR Cases, according to
Settlement-Pattern Variable 37
3.6. Regression of Rebellion on Settlement Patterns 38
3.7. Regression of Ethnic Violence 43
4.1. Population Data for Tatars (1989) 48
5.1. Population Data for Chechens (1989) 69
6.1. Population Data for the Abkhaz (1989) 93
8.1. Theoretical Expectations and Research Findings 138
Appendix Tables
1. Number of Independent States in the World 149
2. Minorities at Risk Cases and Key Variables 153
3. Ethnic Data for Autonomous Units of Russian Federation 164
Figures
3.1. Settlement Patterns and Frequency of Rebellion, 1980–95 39
4.1. Location Map of Tatarstan 47
5.1. Location Map of Chechnya 66
6.1. Location Map of Georgia 90
8.1. Armed Conflicts, Issue of Conflict, and Termination Type,
1989–96 143