The genus Pseudoganisa Schultze, 1910, an endemic to the Philippine islands (Lepidoptera: Eupterotidae)

2009·1.3 MB·English

by  Nässig, Wolfgang

Nachr. entomol. Ver. Apollo, N. F. 30 (1/2): 83–92 (2009) 83
The genus Pseudoganisa Schultze, 1910, an endemic to the Philippine islands
(Lepidoptera: Eupterotidae)1
Wolfgang A. Nässig2 and Colin G. Treadaway

Dr. Wolfgang A. Nässig F.R.E.S., Entomologie II, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, D­60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; wolfgang.
[email protected] (corresponding author)
Colin G. Treadaway F.R.E.S., Entomologie II, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Senckenberganlage 25, D­60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
[email protected]
Abstract: The monotypic genus Pseudoganisa Schultze, place ment in the family. Based on ge neral ex tern al struc­
1910 is endemic to the Philippine Archipelago, its single ture, Pseudo ga ni sa appears to be most close ly re lat ed to
spe cies, P. currani Schultze, 1910, known from all regions
the Asian con ti nen tal genus Apha Wal ker, 1855, not to
in cluding Palawan. Its dis tri bu tion is mapped, its pre vious ly
Ga nisa Wal ker, 1855 as its name may imply. To ge ther
unidentified fe male is described and figured, including the
with Apha and the related com plex of Ga ni sa, Pan dala
ge ni ta lia, and its known range of variability in size, col our
and genital struc ture is illustrated for both sexes. Ins u lar and Wal ker, 1855 and Apona Wal ker, 1856, it may be con­
regional geo gra phical variation appears to be sub or di nate to sid ered to form an in for mal (al though possibly mo no­
in di vi dual variability, thus not justifying any div ision of P. phy letic) “Ga nisa­sub group” in the “Ga nisa­group”.
cur rani into distinct spe cies or subspe cies. Apha gonioptera
West, 1932 is proposed as a new syn onym of P. currani. The This paper describes and ill us trates the distribution and
male genitalia of P seu do ga nisa are uni que in Eu pte ro t i dae variability, including that of the for mer ly un de scribed
in that the apical part of the cost al lobe of the valves is rol­ (or better: unidentified) ♀, of the only species of the
led around the needle­like api cal part of the sacculus to form
ge nus across the Philippine Islands, as a start to deal with
a sheath, and the gna thos arms are apparently fused to a
the en tire Eupterotidae fauna of the Phil ip pi nes.
weakly developed sub sca phium.
Key words: systematics, synonymy, revision, genitalia mor­ Ac cord ing to present knowledge, Pseu do ga ni sa is en de­
pho logy, zoogeo gra phy, Lepidoptera fauna of the Phil ip­ mic to the Philip pines and wide spread in all regions.
pines. For many years it was assumed that its distribution area
ex cluded the zoo geo gra phic al region of Palawan (see
Die Gattung Pseudoganisa Schultze, 1910, ein Ende mit
Nässig & Oberprieler 2008: 63), which po li ti cal ly be longs
der Philippinen (Lepidoptera: Eupterotidae)
to the Phil ip pines but geo lo gic al ly is part of Sun da land
Zusammenfassung: Die monotypische Gattung Pseu do­ (Vane­Wright 1990), because no spe ci mens were known
ga ni sa Schultze, 1910 ist ein Endemit des Philippinischen
from there. However, a ♀ spec i men in CSLL labelled as
Ar chi pels; ihre einzige Art, P. currani Schultze, 1910, ist
collected in No vem ber 2004 by a Phil ippine insect trader
von allen Regionen einschließlich Palawans bekannt. Die
on Palawan (pers. comm. S. Löff ler 19. vi. 2008, too late
be kannte Verbreitung wird auf einer Karte dargestellt, das
zu vor unidentifizierte Weibchen wird beschrieben und for inclusion into Näs sig & Ober prieler 2008; see Fig.
ab ge bil det, dazu wird die Variabilität beider Ges chlech ter 3) de fi ni tive ly be longs to Pseu do ga ni sa and is the first
in Ha bitus und Genitalmorphologie illustriert und be schrie­ known re cord of the genus from the lands on the Sunda
ben. Die insuläre und regionale geografische Va riabilität
shelf. Ne ver the less, con fir ma tion of the occurrence of
scheint der individuellen Variabilität un ter ge ord net, so daß
the ge nus on Pa la wan is required.
sich nach heutigem Kenntnisstand keine Unt er tei lung von
P. cur rani in Ar ten oder Un terarten recht fer ti gen läßt. Apha The earliest record of this species in the literature was by
gonioptera West, 1932 wird des we gen als neues Syn onym
Semper (1896: 388), who listed “Apha spec.?” from central
von P. cur ra ni in ter pre tiert. Die männ lichen Ge ni ta lien von
Lu zon (with out locality details) for 1 ♀ in poor cond i tion,
P seu do ga nisa sind einzigartig in der Familie. weil der Cos­
tal lap pen der Val ven um den api ka len Teil des na del för mi­ which he had not been able to deter mine to species level.
gen Sacculus her um gerollt ist und damit eine Art „Scheid e“ This spe cimen is pres erved in the Senc ken berg collection
darum bil det; weiterhin sind die Gnathosarme mit ei nem in Frank furt am Main (see Fig. 1). The species was later
nur schwach aus ge bil de ten Sub scaphium ver schmol zen. twice decribed as a new taxon, by Schultze (1910) and
by West (1932).
Introduction
Abbreviations
The present paper is the first in a forthcoming series
BMNH The Natural History Museum (formerly British Mu se um
of pub li ca tions dealing with the fa mi ly Eupterotidae
(Na tural History)), Lon don, U.K.
(see Näs sig & Oberprieler 2007) of the Philippines.
CCGT Coll. Colin G. Treadaway, Limbach­Wa gen schwend, Ger­
The ge nus Pseudoganisa Schultze, 1910 is part of the
ma ny, assigned to SMFL.
informal “Ga ni sa­group” of Eu pte ro t idae, which Ober­
CMWM Coll. Museum Thomas Witt, München (Munich; as sign ed
prie ler et al. (2003) and Näs sig & Ober prie ler (2008) to Zoo logische Staats samm lung München, ZSM, Mu nich),
proposed for a number of gen era of unc lear phy logenetic Germany.
1  Interim publication on the insect fauna of the Philippines no. 5. (No. 4 see: Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo, Frankfurt am Main, N.F. 21 (3):
129–134, 2000.)
2  Studies in Eupterotidae (Eupterotiden­Studien), no. 9. (No. 8 see: Senckenbergiana biologica, Frankfurt am Main, 88 (1): 53–80; Errata et addenda: Senckenbergiana
biologica, Frankfurt am Main, 88 (2): 124.) — This publication is the first part of a forthcoming series dealing with the Eupterotidae genera of the Phili p pi nes.
© Entomologischer Verein Apollo e. V., Frankfurt am Main
84
CRBP Coll. Ronald Brechlin, Pasewalk, Germany (Eupterot idae an ga, Port Bang a, leg. W. I. Hutchinson. — Dedicated to a
material now in CMWM). col lec tor H. M. Cur ran, who “has contributed a large num­
CSLL Coll. Swen Löffler, Lichtenstein (Sachsen), Germany. ber of insects to our col lection” (Schultze 1910). Described
in family Eupterotidae.
CWAN Coll. Wolfgang A. Nässig, now in SMFL.
= “Apha spec.?”, undetermined: Semper (1896: 388; not
fw. forewing.
il lus trat ed), 1 ♀, damaged, “cent ral Luzon”, in SMFL (Fig.
GP genitalia dissection (with number and depository), pre par­ 1); ex amin ed.
ate either on microscopic glass frame or in 70% etha nol. = Apha gonioptera West, 1932; new synonymy (as sur mised
HT holotype. by Nässig & Oberprieler 2008: 63). — West (1932: 209–
210; not illustrated); type material: ♂ ho lo type by ori ginal
hw. hindwing.
designation; in coll. A. E. Wileman in BMNH (ex amined
lfw. length of forewing, measured in a straight line from the
and photographed by Nicolai N. Ig nat yev; Fig. 2). — Type
most distant point of the apex to the wing base, without
locality: Luzon, subprov. Ben guet, Pa la li, 2000 ft., 2. iii.
the width of the thorax.
1913. — West (1932: 210): “Near est ally: A. aequalis Feld.”;
SMFL Lepidoptera collection in the Senckenberg­Museum, described in family Eu pte ro t idae.
Frank furt am Main, Ger many.
This latter taxon was evidently not dealt with in later
ups. upperside (of the wings).
literature except by Nässig & Ober prieler (2008), but
uns. underside (of the wings).
it is included in name lists and biol o gic al name ind exes
in the web (Catalogue of Life, En cy clo pe dia of Life,
Systematics
uBio.org etc., evidently all based on the Lep in dex of
Genus Pseudoganisa Schultze, 1910 BMNH), where it is always listed under Apha while its
Schultze (1910: 162). older synonym cur ra ni is placed in Pseudo ga ni sa. (For
Type species: Pseudoganisa currani Schultze, 1910(: 162, the general scien tific value of such un critical lists and
text­fig. of venation; pl. 1, fig. 2), by original de signa tion. — indexes, which are not based on re vi sions of the ta xa
Ge nus ori gi nal ly de scrib ed in family Eupterotidae; see Näs­ dealt with, see the comm ent in Nässig & Ober prie ler
sig & Oberprieler (2007, 2008).
2008: 55.)
After its original description, Pseudoganisa was evi dent ly
recognised in the literature only by Seitz (1922), For­ Description and variability
bes (1955) and the generic catalogue of Nässig & Ober­
External structure
prieler (2008), aside from formally un pub li shed name
lists in the WWW; see also be low un der the spe cies. Pseudoganisa currani is externally a very variable spe cies,
see the colour plates. There is also some moderate se xual
Although its single species, P. currani, is similar to the
dimorphism (especially in wings hape), but col our and
re la tive ly homogeneous Asian spe cies of Apha and these
pattern (and their variability) are similar in both sexes.
two genera may be close ly related, they are ne ver the­
less suf fi cient ly dis tinct in habitus and ♂ gen i ta lia (see ♂ (Figs. 2, 11–20): Size variation (lfw.) as in Tab. 1.
below), the unusual structure of the ♂ gen i ta lia (espe­ Antenna bi pec tin ate, rami longer in ♂♂, as usual in
ci ally of the valves) being unique among the known Eu pter otidae. Dorsal side of shaft scaled to apex, brow­
Eupterotidae. The dis tri bu tion of Apha is pri ma ri ly con­ nish. Rami (originating on ventral side of shaft, as in
ti nen tal, from the Himalaya to In do china and Chi na, but most bom bycoid fa mi lies) blackish and un equal: out er
also in cludes some larg er is lands such as the sou th ern rami in basal 2/ of an tenna ca. 25–30% longer than
3  
Ja panese ar chi pelago as well as Tai wan and Hai nan close in ner ra mi; long est rami occurring from about 10 seg­
to the Asian con ti nent. ments from base to about 1/ –3/ of length of shaft. Num­
3 5
ber of an ten nal segments (54–67, counted in com plete,
Pseudoganisa also resembles species of Ga nisa (as ex pres­
unmacerated antennae of 7 ♂♂ from dif fer ent is lands)
sed by the ge neric name), but it is again very dif fer ent in
as well as length of long est rami (1.42–1.64 mm, difficult
habitus and espe ci ally in ♂ ge ni tal structure (see below).
to mea sure because ra mi usually bent) cor re lated with
Ga ni sa is much more widely distributed, from the Indian
specimen size (mea sured as lfw.) but slightly va ri able.
sub con ti nent across continental In do china, southern and
cen tral China in cluding Taiwan to the SE Asian is lands of Fw. outer mar gin biangulate, with a distinct angle at apex
Sun da land, Sula we si and Flores, also including the Phil­ and another just be low middle; hw. margin an gu late, with
ip pi nes (where at least one spec ies of the similis­group angle or slight tri an gular “tail” just be low mid dle; margins
sensu Nässig et al. [in prep.] occ urs sym patric al ly with bet ween angles usua lly near ly straight. Ups. post me di an
Pseudoganisa); how ever, it does evidently not reach as far lines near ly al ways vis ible on fw. and hw., but pat tern
north as Apha. sometimes totally re duced in mono chro m ous yel low spe­
ci mens. Fw. post me dian mostly fad ing towards apex. Fw.
Pseudoganisa currani Schultze, 1910
dis coid al vein close to wing base (at ca. ¼ of distance bet­
Schultze (1910: 162; text­fig. of venation; pl. 1, fig. 2).
ween base and apex only) as in many eu pter otids, usu al ly
Type material: ♂ holotype by original designation: “type
in di cated by a small black dot, rarely also on hw. Med ian
no. 8748 in Entomological collection, Bureau of Science,
Ma ni la”; present depository unknown (possibly lost?), not field of ten filled with [2–]3–4[–5] usually faint wavy lines
ex amined. — Type lo ca lity: Mindanao, District of Zam bo­ (not in mo no chro m ous spe ci mens) as in Ga nisa spe ci­
© Entomologischer Verein Apollo e. V., Frankfurt am Main
85
mens of the pos tica­group sensu Näs sig et al. (in prep.). apex, sometimes even appearing fused to a tube. — Such
Fw. sub mar gin al field usu ally (ex cept in mono chrom­ a construction is not found in any Apha spe cies and,
ous spe ci mens) with 2 dark dots be low median angle, an therefore, together with other structural dif fer ences like
ap par ent ly wide spread pat tern ele ment in Eu pte ro ti dae. the spe cia lised uncus and the reduced gna thos sup ports
Fw. and hw. out er frin ges below median angle usua lly the dis tinc tion of Pseu do ga ni sa as a se par ate ge nus.
con tras t ing black ish, elsewhere usually of ground col our.
Saccus small, pointed in both directions (cephalad and
Dark pat tern elements very variable, in ten sity in de pen­
caudad) in some specimens from Luzon, broader and
dent of that of ground colour (see col our Figs.). Uns.
rounded and slightly less developed in caudal di rec tion
much simpler (fewer pattern elem ents, less colour vari­
in others.
ability) but generally si mi lar to ups.
Juxtal plate also some times (but see Fig. 21) slightl y
♀ (Figs. 1, 3–10): Size variability (lfw.) as in Tab. 1.
differently shap ed in specimens from Luzon, com pare
Antenna bi pec tin ate, rami shorter than in ♂♂ (usual
Figs. 27 vs. 28/29, but not con sistently so.
sex ual dimorphism). Dorsal side of shaft scaled to apex;
co lours as in ♂♂. Antennal rami only slight ly un equal; Phallus (for the term see Kristensen 2003: 103) short,
long est rami also in basal part but less strongly de ve lo­ sim ple, without strong spe cia li sa tions except apex ven­
ped. Number of an ten nal segments (56–67, counted in tral ly with rounded or pointed elongation, ves ica with out
3 ♀♀ from different islands) and length of longest rami or with only small and very weak scle ro ti sa tion but no
(0.84–0.98 mm) also weakly cor re lated with specimen scobination or cor nu ti.
size but also variable.
♀ (Figs. 25–26, 30): genitalia simple, without significant
Fw. apex distinctly falcate, with relatively long, narrow, spe cialisations; 8th tergite and pleurites sclerotised
rounded extension pointing to lateral or even fron tal but not sternite, so that scler otised ring ventrally open
sides in set spec i mens. Fw. and hw. mar gins almost evenly ex cept thin connection at caud al edge of sternite; weakly
roun d ed, not angulate. Post me dial lines al ways vis ible on scle rotised os tium bur sae em bed ded in soft area of 8th
fw. and hw., even in mo no chro mous yel low spe ci mens; ster nite; bur sa copulatrix small, memb ra ne ous and with­
fw. post median usu ally terminating in api cal fal ca tion. out signum or other scle ro ti sa tion.
Pattern in ten sity and ground colour vari abi li ty si mi lar
to that of ♂ but very dark ♀♀ of ten with some whitish
Tab. 1: Size (= lfw.) of Pseudoganisa currani, material in SMFL (including
scaling in creasing the pat tern con trast of dark elements
CWAN & CCGT), with aver age ± 1 standard de via tion, separately for ♂♂
(see colour Figs.). Uns. si mi lar to that of ♂♂. and ♀♀.
♂♂ ♀♀
Genitalia
Island Measurements Average Measurements Average
♂ (Figs. 21–24, 27–29). Uncus strongly modified (see [mm] ± s. d. [mm] ± s. d.
Ober prieler et al. 2003: 106): entire dorsum and dorsal Luzon 27, 29, 30, 27, 28 28.2 37 (n = 1) —
(n = 5) ± 1.30
processes completely re duced, only lateral processes
30, 27, 29, 28, 27,
retained (thus resembling a deeply bifid uncus), ind e­
28, 26, 30, 27, 30, 28.38
Mindoro 39 (n = 1) —
pen dently movable, not fused before joining to te gu men, 27, 31, 29 ± 1.56
well­developed, basally broad with apical part lob ed (n = 13)
and with a small, more or less tria n gular process (less Panay 33 (n = 1) — 38 (n = 1) —
developed in small spe ci mens from Luzon, com pare Figs. 31, 30, 33, 30, 30,
31, 29, 30, 29, 29,
27 with 28/29) ventrally just before apex.
29, 30, 31, 28, 30,
It is often difficult to differentiate bet ween gna thos and Negros 30, 28, 30, 30, 29.79 43, 39 (n = 2) 41
29, 30, 30, 31, 29, ± 1.09 ± 2.83
transtilla in Bombycoidea (see Kris ten sen 2003; Zwick
30, 29, 30, 31, 29,
2009: 148). Based on the insertion of the relevant struc­ 29, 30, 31, 27, 30
ture (either at the lateral base of the uncus [= gna thos] (n = 34)
or at the dorsal base of the valves [= transt il la]), Eu pte­ Cebu 30, 28, 29 (n = 3) 29 ± 1 —
r o t idae seem to only have a gnathos (see Oberprieler et Samar 33 (n = 1) — —
al. 2003: 106). 30, 31, 30, 28, 32,
29, 33, 31, 29, 29, 30.31
Leyte 41 (n = 1) —
Gnathos weakly sclerotised and largely embedded into 31, 30, 31 ± 1.38
(n = 13)
mem braneous body wall, lateral gnathos arms leading
down from uncus base to middle, but gna thos plate (ter­ Bohol — 41 (n = 1) —
minology after Zwick 2009) apparently largely red uced Dinagat — 39 (n = 1) —
and possibly fused with weakly developed sub sca phi um. 28, 29, 28, 31, 31,
29.75
Mindanao 31, 30, 28, 31, 29, —
± 1.42
Valves unique in at least Asian Eup te rot idae: apical 29, 32 (n = 12)
part of costal lobe rolled ventrally like an envelope or Jolo 26 (n = 1) — —
sheath around scle ro ti sed, needle­like apical part of sac­ Total 29.55 39.63
(n = 83) (n = 8)
cu lus; this sheath open near base but almost closed at (all islands) ± 1.55 ± 1.92
© Entomologischer Verein Apollo e. V., Frankfurt am Main
86
1a 1b 2
3
4a 4b
5a 5b 6a 6b
7a 7b 8a 8b
9a 9b 10a 10b
Figs. 1–10: Pseudoganisa currani, type, “typoid” material and variability of ♀♀. — Abbreviations: a = ups., b = uns., [c = labels]. — Fig. 1: ♀, “Apha
spec.?”, undetermined: Semper (1896: 388), “cent ral Luzon”; label data: upperside: “Tobler”, underside: “Apha sp./”[illegible numbers], SMFL. Scale
(1 cm) valid only for Fig. 1a. Fig. 2: ♂ HT Apha gonioptera West, 1932; in coll. A. E. Wileman, BMNH, “Luzon, subprov. Ben guet, Pa la li” (examined
and photographed by N. Ignatyev). Fig. 3: ♀, Palawan, CSLL (photographed by S. Löffler, scale in mm). Fig. 4: ♀, Mindoro, Mt. Halcon, 16. v. 1999,
CCGT. Fig. 5: ♀, Negros, Bais, Mt. Tandug Bato, 31. x. 1997, CCGT. Fig. 6: ♀, Negros, Mt. Canlaon, 1100 m, 19. ii. 1998, CWAN. Fig. 7: ♀, Bohol, Jagna,
Mayana, 3./4. ii. 1999, CWAN. Fig. 8: ♀, C.-Leyte, Mt. Balocaue, 600 m, 28. v. 1988, CCGT. Fig. 9: ♀, Panay, Antique, Mt. Madja-as, 1000 m, 4. v. 2000,
CCGT. Fig. 10: ♀, Dinagat, nr. Loreto, Mt. Cambinlin, iv. 1990, CCGT. — Specimens not exactly to the same scale; scale bars = 1 cm. All CCGT + CWAN
specimens in SMFL. — Photographs W. A. Nässig, if not indicated otherwise.
© Entomologischer Verein Apollo e. V., Frankfurt am Main
87
11a 11b 12a 12b
13a 13b 14a 14b
15a 15b 16a 16b
17a 17b 18a 18b
19a 19b 20a 20b
Figs. 11–20: Pseudoganisa currani, variability of ♂♂. — Abbreviations: a = ups., b = uns. (sometimes uns. photo taken under an angle). — Fig. 11:
♂, dark form, Ne gros, Canlaon, 28. vii. 1995, CCGT. Fig. 12: ♂, dark form, Mindanao, Bukidnon, 45 km NW Maramag, Mt. Binansilang, 1200 m,
2. x. 1988, leg. Čer ný & Schintlmeister, CWAN. Fig. 13: ♂, me dium coloured form, Sulu Archipelago, Jolo, Patikal, 20. v. 1995, CCGT, GP 2028/08
SMFL. Fig. 14: ♂, med ium coloured form, Mindanao, Davao del Norte, Mt. Tagubod, 7. viii. 1996, CCGT. Fig. 15: ♂, reddish coloured form, C.-Leyte,
Mahaplag, Mt. Balocaue, 700 m, 22. vii. 1978, CCGT. Fig. 16: ♂, greyish form, Negros, Mt. Canlaon, 900 m, 17. ii. 1998, via U. Paukstadt in SMFL. Fig.
17: ♂, yellowish contrasting form, Mindoro, Mt. Halcon, 1000 m, 21. iv. 2001, CWAN. Fig. 18: ♂, yellowish-grey contrasting form, Panay, Mt. Balabac,
750 m, ii. 2000, CCGT, GP 2032/08 SMFL. Fig. 19: ♂, yellow form, Cebu, Minglanilla, Mt. Luay, 26. vi. 1985, CCGT. Fig. 20: ♂, yellow form, N-Samar,
nr. Bonolo, 20. x. 1990, CCGT, GP SMFL 2029/08. — Specimens not exactly to the same scale; scale bars = 1 cm. All CCGT + CWAN spec i mens in SMFL.
— Photographs W. A. Nässig.
© Entomologischer Verein Apollo e. V., Frankfurt am Main
88
21 23 24
22
25 26
Figs. 21–26: Pseudoganisa currani, ♂ and ♀ genitalia, drawn from undistorted preparations freely floating in 70% alcohol. — Figs. 21–24: ♂, GP no.
2024/08 W. Nässig/SMFL; Luzon. Fig. 21: caudoventral view, phal lus re moved. Fig. 22: lateral view. Fig. 23: phallus, lateral view. Fig. 24: phallus,
dorsolateral view. — Figs. 25–26: ♀, GP no. 2038/08 W. Näs sig/SMFL; Negros. Fig. 25: lateral view. Fig. 26: ventral view. — Scale bars = 1 mm.
Specimens in SMFL. — Drawings A. Nasiri.
Distribution, ecology and other observations Pseudoganisa currani appears to be un com mon, only
oc ca sionally having been collected in larg er numbers at
Variability and distribution. The smallest specimens
light (a maximum: 9 ♂♂ on 21. iv. 2001 on Mind o ro) and
are known from Luzon in the north and Jolo (n = 1) in
most spe ci mens having been tak en as sin gle tons or in
the south; specimens from the West Visayan and Min­
small numbers at any one time.
da nao regions usually are the largest (Tab. 1). The va ri­
abi li ty in colour and pattern appears to be cor re lated Preimaginal instars are thus far unknown. The species
with col lec ting dates (i.e. season) rather than locality has evidently never been reared, at least no de scrip tion
of the larva having been published.
(i.e. geography). There is no pat tern or colour com bi na­
tion particular to any one area, and also genital vari abi­ Habitat preferences and ecology are also unknown. The
lity (which is at least in part cor re lated with size) is not imagines appear to mimic dead leaves and to inh a bit
strict ly linked to geographical ori gin, only Luzon spe ci­ [primary?] forest biotopes, which are especially en dan­
mens sometimes slight ly differing. There fore, all in su lar gered on the Phil ip pi nes due to deforestation.
po pu la tions are in ter preted as con sti tut ing only one spe­
Altitudinal data are few, as collecting records rarely
cies. Bio che mical support for this interpretation would
in clude the elevation of the loc a li ty. The known alt i tu­
be useful, but the material is in part al rea dy se veral
din al range is from ca. 180 m to 2000 m, but it may be
de cades old and may be un suit able for DNA ana lysis.
greater in both directions. This corresponds to main ly
Phenology. All specimens were collected at light, and low land and lower mon tane zones but also in clud es the
obviously both sexes are nocturnal. For the collecting low er re gions of the upper montane zone.
months see Tab. 2. The species appears to be multi vol­
Differential diagnosis
tine, having been collected in all months of the year,
but as the regional dry and wet seas ons are quite var i­ Apart from its original description, in which Schultze
able and dif ferent with in the Philippines (even with in (1910) stated that it is closely related to Ganisa, the sin gle
the lar g er is lands, depending on mountain ranges and spe cies of Pseu do ga ni sa was — if recognised in the lit e ra­
prevailing sea sonal winds), further col lec ting data may ture at all — often con foun ded (Sem per 1896, West 1932)
dis close some reg ion al sea son a li ty of the species within or at least com par ed with Apha. Pseu do ga nisa ♂♂ al ways
the ar chi pe la go. ex hibit a dis tinct polygonal wingshape with a com bi na­
© Entomologischer Verein Apollo e. V., Frankfurt am Main
89
Tab. 2: Temporal patterns (i.e., specimens collected per month) of specimens of Pseu do ga ni sa currani in CWAN, CCGT, SMFL, CMWM and CSLL (as
far as a date is available for the speci mens), se par ate ly for islands.
Island Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Luzon — 3 3 1 — 2 1 — 1 2 — —
Mindoro — 1 — 9 — 2 — 2 — 2 — —
Panay — 1 — — 1 — — — — — — —
Negros — 8 1 5 7 2 2 4 1 1 2 2
Cebu — — — — — 1 2 — — — — —
Samar 2 — — — — — — — — 1 — —
Leyte — 2 1 — 4 1 1 1 5 — — —
Bohol — 1 — — — — — — — — — —
Dinagat — — — 1 — — — — — — — —
Mindanao 2 — 1 1 1 — — 3 — 3 1 —
Jolo — — — — 1 — — — — — — —
Palawan — — — — — — — — — — 1 —
Total 4 16 6 17 14 8 6 10 7 9 4 2
tion of angles and straight fringes, known in si milar form Island records and zoogeography
among other Asian Eu pte ro t idae only in a few species of
Pseudoganisa currani is known from all large and also
Apha. Also a few dis tant ly re lated Afri can spe cies have
from a few smaller islands of the Philippines (see Map
similar wing shapes. The ♀♀ have their fw. apex elongated
1). Its distribution area covers all biogeographical reg ions
to a rather long tip, which is also un known in most other
as defined by Vane­Wright (1990: 26), in clud ing the
Asian genera ex cept for a few spe cies of Apha.
Pseudoganisa is readily dist in gui shable from Apha by its
different wing shape, the latter genus generally having
roun der wings except for a few spe cies whose forewings
are faintly “polygonal” (angulate or, more rarely, bian­
gu late), and se x ual di mor phism of wing shape is much
weaker in Apha. Co lour and pattern are somewhat sim ilar
(at least in some Apha species) but quite different in
de tail, as are the relations be tween wing shape and wing
size com pared to body size. In the ♂ gen i ta lia the dif fe­
rences are even larger, as Apha has a bifid, basally fused
un cus and its val ves do not have a costal “sheath” around
the sac culus. The gnathos of Apha is quite different from
that of both Ganisa and Pseudoganisa, featuring only two
well­de veloped, sclerotised lateral arms but no central
plate, and the arms appear to be free from the rest of the
body over their distal part.
Pseudoganisa differs from Ganisa by its wing shape (roun­
d ed in Ganisa, never angulate), ground colour (always
light grey ish­brown or blackish in Ganisa) and gener­
al ly more intensive pattern, with fewer wa vy lines in
the median field than in Ganisa. In the ♂ ge ni ta lia Ga ni­
sa also has a “bifid” uncus, with basally broadly fused
la ter al processes and often even a small rudiment of the
dor sal parts of the uncus detectable between them. It
fur ther has a well­de ve loped gna thos, with the arms and
plate fused and fully scler o tised and pro trud ing cau d ad.
In some species of the closely related ge nus Apona the
gnathos plate is me di al ly elon gated into a long, slight ly Distribution map of Pseudoganisa currani. Known localities of the spe-
cies plotted on a map with the biogeographical regions and sub re gions
bent, sword­like pro cess ex ten d ing even behind the
of the Phil ip pine Archipelago according to Vane-Wright (1990: 26).
valves. (One dot may represent more than one locality in close proximity.)
© Entomologischer Verein Apollo e. V., Frankfurt am Main
90
27
28
29 30
Figs. 27–30: Pseudoganisa currani, ♂ and ♀ genitalia. — Figs. 27–29: ♂♂. Fig. 27: GP no. 1304/00 W. Nässig/SMFL; Luzon; phallus in lateral view. Fig.
28: GP no. 1305/00 W. Nässig/SMFL; Negros; phallus in ventral view. Fig. 29: GP no. 1306/00 W. Nässig/SMFL; Mindanao; phallus in lateral view. —
Fig. 30: ♀, GP no. 2039/08 W. Näs sig/SMFL; Bohol. — Scale bars = 1 mm; scale for ♂♂-GPs not exactly identical, the Mindanao one is the largest in
diameter. The shape of Fig. 28 is influenced by the differently flattened tegumen, compared with Figs. 27/29. Specimens in SMFL. — Photog raphs J.-P.
Kopelke, W. A. Nässig.
Palawan area, although the latter occurrence req uir es Largely from North to South, the Philippine Islands grouped
con fir ma tion. For locality details, see the list of ma te rial ac cord ing to presently identified bio geo gra phic al regions (see
Vane­Wright 1990 and Treadaway 1995: maps pp. 12–13). The
examined.
locality data contained in this list was the basis for plotting the
It appears that the specimen from Sulawesi in CMWM distribution map, the collecting dates were included into Tab. 2.
is incorrectly labelled (see below). There was so much Luzon region:
ma terial imported from Puncak Palopo and other Sula­ Luzon (in total 15 ♂♂, 1 ♀): 1 ♀, “Central Luzon” (label data: “Tob­
we si localities to Europe, and there were so many exp e di­ ler”, back side: “Apha sp./”[illegible numbers]), ex coll. Sem per, in
SMFL (Fig. 1). — 1 ♂, “subprov. Ben guet, Pa la li, 2000 ft., 2. iii. 1913”
tions to the primary forests of this island that the oc cur­
(= HT of Apha gonioptera), in BMNH (Fig. 2). — 3 ♂♂, Que zon,
rence of this species on the Indonesian is land would
Quezon Forest Natl. Park, 14°1’ N, 122°11’ E, 250 m, leg. Černý &
sure ly have been noted else where.
Schintlmeister, 2 of them Prim är ur wald, 8.–10. x. 1988, [Nr. 44A],
GP SMFL 685/93, 2036/08; 1 of them Flach land ur wald, no date
Material of Pseudoganisa currani studied
[also x. 1988?], GP SMFL 1304/00; all in CWAN in SMFL. — 1 ♂,
(From material especially in CCGT, CMWM, CSLL, CWAN and Banaue, 1100 m, 7. iii. 1991, leg. Achil les, GP SMFL 2024/08; 1 ♂,
SMFL, with additions from a few other collections.) Banaue, Mt. Camb ol, 1500 m, 6.–10. vii. 2001, leg. einh. Fänger;
© Entomologischer Verein Apollo e. V., Frankfurt am Main
91
all in coll. CCGT in SMFL — 2 ♂♂, Quirino S. Madre, 35 km E iii. 2001, leg. local collectors, in CWAN in SMFL. — 3 ♂♂, Mt.
Naptipunan S. Pul. Lupa, 15°58’ N, 121°29’ E, 11.–12. iii. 2005, Balocaue, Hilusig, 700 m, 17. ix. 1988, leg. Do dong; 18. ix. 1988,
leg. Lourens, in CMWM. — 3 ♂♂, E. Luzon, Isabela, Sierra Madre, leg. Dodong; 12. ii. 1994, leg. Dodong; 1 ♂, S. Leyte, Calpio, 265 m,
580 m, Di na pi que, 2 km E Ango, 16°35.927’ N, 122°16.589’ E, St. Bernard, 25. ii. 1979, leg. Medicielo; 1 ♂, Catmon, vi. 2007;
Di pte ro carp fo r est, road side, 21.–23. ii. 2007, leg. J. H. Lourens, in all these in CCGT in SMFL. — 3 ♂♂, Mt. Bo log, 1140 m, 10 km
CSLL; 1 ♂, Au rora, Sierra Madre, 13 km W Dibulo, 16°32.886’ N, E Mahaplag, vi. 1997, leg. Bal, ex coll. CRBP, GP 11583 CMWM;
122° 14.134’ E, 585 m, 5.–6. ix. 2007, J. H. Lourens leg., CSLL; 2 ♂♂, 21 ♂♂, Mt. Balocauc near Mahaplag, 700 m, vii. 1999, leg. local
Au rora, Sierra Madre, Mingan Mts., 8 km W Baler, 16° 41.463’ N, collectors; 1 ♂, Central Leyte, Mt. Bal o caue, Mahaplag, 600 m,
121° 23.86’ E, 471 m, 18. vi. 2007, J. H. Lourens leg., CSLL; 1 ♂, N., 18.–29. xii. 2000, ex CRBP, GP 11584 CMWM; 2 ♂♂, “South” (recte
5 km S Adams, 18°31.338’ N, 120°55.690’ E, 350 m, 6.–7. iv. 2008, Central), Mt. Balocaue, 800 m, near Ma ha plag, iv. 2001, ex CRBP,
J. H. Lourens leg., CSLL. GP 11585 CMWM; all these in CMWM. — 1 ♂, Mt. Balocaue, v.
Mindoro region: 2001, leg. local collectors, in CSLL.
Mindoro (in total 21 ♂♂, 1 ♀): 1 ♀, Mt. Halcon, 16. v. 1999, leg. Bohol (in total 1 ♀): 1 ♀, Jagna, Mayana, SMART Relay Station,
Mo hagan; 3 ♂♂, Mt. Halcon, 2× 3. vi. 1996, 1× 20. x. 1997, leg. 3.–4. ii. 1999, at light, leg. S. Cabigas, in CWAN in SMFL, GP SMFL
Mo hagan; 1 ♂, Mt. Sinai, 2. ii. 1996, leg. Mohagan; all these in 2039/08.
CCGT in SMFL. — 9 ♂♂, Mt. Halcon, 1000 m, 21. iv. 2001, leg. einh. Mindanao region, Mindanao subregion:
Fän ger; 2× GP SMFL 2025/08, 2035/08, all in CWAN in SMFL. —
Dinagat (in total 1 ♀): 1 ♀, nr. Loreto, Mt. Cambinlin, iv. 1990, leg.
1 ♂, S of Mt. Halc on, Mt. Victoria, x. 1994, GP 11582 CMWM; 1 ♂,
Alex, in CCGT in SMFL.
Mt. Mele sem bo, Puerto Gallero, viii. 1998, leg. Hernan, ex CRBP,
GP 11586 CMWM; 3 ♂♂, Mt. Halcon, 1000 m, vi. 1999, leg. Mo ha­ Mindanao (in total 34 ♂♂): 2 ♂♂, S. Mindanao, S. Cotabato, Mt.
gan; 1 ♂, Mt. Halcon, 2000 m, 8.–20. ix. 1999, leg. Mo ha gan, ex Ma tutum, 22. i. 1996, leg. P. Arimas; 24. i. 1996, leg. P. Arimas;
CRBP; all these in CMWM. — 2 ♂♂, Mt. Halcon, 1000 m, 2.–5. viii. 1 ♂, S. Cotabato, Mt. Parker, 1200 m, xi. 2001, leg. local coll ec­
2000, leg. Noël Mohagan, in CSLL. tors, GP SMFL 1773/04; 2 ♂♂, N. Cotabato, Mt. Apo, 1. iii. 1994,
leg. Alex, GP SMFL 2033/08; 3. v. 2002, leg. P. Arimas, GP SMFL
West Visayan region:
2034/08; 1 ♂, Bukidnon, Mt. Kalatungan, 16. viii. 1998, GP SMFL
Panay (in total 6 ♂♂, 1 ♀): 1 ♂, Mt. Balabag, 750 m, ii. 2000, leg.
1306/00; all these in CCGT in SMFL. — 4 ♂♂, Bukidnon, 45 km
local coll., GP SMFL 2032/08; 1 ♀, Antique, Mt. Madja­as, 1000 m,
NW Ma ramag, Mt. Binansilang, 1200 m, Bergurwald, 7°55’ N,
4. v. 2000, leg. Ralph; both in CCGT in SMFL. — 5 ♂♂, Mt. Baloy,
124°40’ E, 2. x. 1988, leg. Černý & Schintlmeister; from these 2
vi. 1998, ex CRBP, 1 GP 11590 CMWM, in CMWM.
GP SMFL 684/93, 1731/04; in CWAN in SMFL. — 2 ♂♂, Davao
Negros (in total 60 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀): 1 ♀, Mt. Canlaon, 1100 m, 19. ii. [del] Nor te, Mt. Tagubod, ca. 2000 m, 7./8. viii. 1996, leg. Dave,
1998, GP SMFL 2038/08, ex coll. U. Paukstadt in SMFL. — 1 ♀, in CCGT in SMFL. — 1 ♂, E Slope Mt. Apo, Barcatan, 7°0.513’ N,
Bais, Mt. Tandug Bato, 31. x. 1997, leg. Peter, in CCGT in SMFL. 125°22.498’ E, 1050 m, 4.–5. v. 2008, J. H. Lourens leg., CSLL.
2 ♂♂, Negros or., Amlan, 17. iv. 1981, leg. Fr. Schoenig, in CCGT — 1 ♂, 1200 m, Mt. Apo, Westflanke, Se kun där wald, 6°57’ N,
in SMFL. — 1 ♂, Negros or., Valencia, Mt. Talinis, 1000 m, 6. xi. 125°16’ E, 28.–30. vii. 1993, leg. Siniaev & Schin tl meis ter; 1 ♂,
1983, leg. Dodong, in CCGT in SMFL. — 7 ♂♂, Mt. Canlaon, 900 m, Bukidnon, Mt. Kitanglad, 8°7’ N, 124°55’ E, iv. 1997, ex coll.
17. ii. 1998, 1× GP SMFL 1305/00, ex coll. U. Paukstadt in SMFL. Sa to; 1 ♂, Cotabato (Prov. Su man ga ni), Mount Bu sa, near Kainba,
— 1 ♂, Mambucal, 23. ix. 1992, leg. Gavron, in CCGT in SMFL. 1 ♂, 700 m, viii. 1997, leg. Bal, ex CRBP; 3 ♂♂, Mt. Apo, SE­route
Negros occ., Mambucal, Mt. Kanlaon, 900–1500 m, i.–ii. 2001, nat. via Ka patagan, 1500 m, 10.–22. ii. 1999, leg. Brech lin, GP 11589
coll. leg., in CWAN in SMFL. — 1 ♂, Mt. Kanlaon, 1500 m, 26. vi. CMWM; 10 ♂♂, Prov. Bukidnon, Mt. Da longdong, Ta lakag, 40 km
1998, leg. F. Mohagan, in CCGT in SMFL. — 21 ♂♂, Mt Kanlaon (=
NW Maramag, 1200–1300 m, 9. iv.–7. xi. 1999, leg. Brech lin; 2 ♂♂,
Mt. Canlaon): 14 ♂♂, 29. iii. 1995, 1. iv. 1995, 7. v. 1995, 15. vi. 1995,
same data, but 2.–11. ii. 2000, ex CRBP, GP 11587 CMWM; 2 ♂♂,
15. vi. 1995, 28. vii. 1995, 2× 12. v. 1996, 14. v. 1996, 15. v. 1996 (GP
same data, but 14.–21. x. 2001, ex CRBP, 1 GP 11588 CMWM; all
SMFL 2023/08), 16. v. 1996, 17. v. 1996, 10. viii. 1997, 23. viii. 1997;
these in CMWM. — 1 ♂, Agu san Sur, 10 km SE Trento Sta. Maria,
1 ♂, ca. 2000 ft., 9. xi. 1999; 2 ♂♂, 500 m, viii. 2000; 2 ♂♂, 500 m, 18.–
8°1.615’ N, 126°12.322’ E, 185 m, 27.–28. iv. 2008, J. H. Lourens
23. xii. 2000; 2 ♂♂, 13.–16. iv. 2002 (GP SMFL 2022/08 & 2037/08);
leg., CSLL.
leg. local coll., all in CCGT in SMFL. — 2 ♂♂, Mt. Canlaon, i.–iv.
Sulu region:
1995, leg. Sato, GP 11579 CMWM; 1 ♂ (ii. 1997), 1 ♂ (vii. 1997),
6 ♂♂ (vi. 1998), 5 ♂♂ (x. 1998, 1 GP 11580 CMWM), Prov. Negros Sulu Archipelago, Jolo (in total 1 ♂): 1 ♂, Patikal, 20. v. 1995, leg.
occ., 600 m, Mt. Kanlaon, W­route via Mambucal, Primärwald, ex Tiblani, in CCGT in SMFL, GP SMFL 2028/08.
CRBP; 5 ♂♂, (Occidental), Mt. Kanlaon, W­Route via Mambucal, Palawan region:
600–800 m, ii.–iv. 1998, ex CRBP; 6 ♂♂, Prov. Negros Occidental,
Palawan (in total 1 ♀): 1 ♀, Mt. Mantalingajan, [near] Brooke’s
Mt. Mandalagan, 800 m, near Don Salvador Benedicto, xii. 1997–ii.
Point, 1300 m, 15.–20. xi. 2004, leg. Ida Fierro, in CSLL (Fig. 3).
1998, leg. Bal, ex CRBP; all these in CMWM.
Mislabelled specimen (not included in the map):
Cebu (in total 3 ♂♂): 3 ♂♂, Minglanilla, Mt. Luay, 600 m, leg.
1 ♂, “Indonesien, Sulawesi, Puncak Pa lo po, 900–1300 m, iii. 1998,
Do dong, 2 ♂♂ 27. vii. 1984, 1 of them GP SMFL 2030/08; 1 ♂,
leg. local collectors,” GP 11581, in CMWM. Correct locality data
26. vi. 1985; in CCGT in SMFL.
unknown (surely: Philippines; error in labelling).
Mindanao region, East Visayan subregion:
Samar (in total 3 ♂♂): 1 ♂, N­Samar, nr. Bonolo, 20. x. 1990, leg.
Discussion
Pe ter, in CCGT in SMFL, GP SMFL 2029/08. — 2 ♂♂, Mt. Capoto­An,
600 m, 19.–30. i. 2005, leg. Ramel Cabale, in CSLL. Pseudoganisa currani is externally very variable but with­
Leyte (in total 41 ♂♂, 1 ♀): central Leyte, 1 ♀, Mt. Balocaue, 600 m, out any discernible geographical pattern. Apart from a
28. v. 1988, leg. Treadaway; 4 ♂♂, Mt. Balocaue, 600 m, 4. v. 1986, slightly smaller size on the northern islands (see Tab.
leg. Dodong; 6. ix. 1986, leg. Treadaway (207); 6. ix. 1986, leg.
1), no constant differences are apparent in the spe cies
Dodong (205), GP SMFL 2031/08; 23. v. 1987, leg. Do dong; 3 ♂♂,
between islands or bio geo gra phi cal regions. The va ri­
Mt. Balocaue, 700 m, 22. vii. 1978, leg. Dodong; 31. viii. 1984, leg.
ability in ground colour (from yellow through dif fer ent
Dodong, GP SMFL 2026/08; 1. ix. 1984, leg. Do dong, GP SMFL
2027/08; all these in CCGT in SMFL. — 1 ♂, Mt. Balocaue, 1000 m, shades of orangy or reddish brown and brown to grey and
© Entomologischer Verein Apollo e. V., Frankfurt am Main
92
nearly blackish brown) and pattern (from near ly hardly Nässig, W. A., Ignatyev, N. N., & Witt, T. J. (in prep.): Two new
any pattern except the postm e di an line to an intensive spe cies of the genus Ganisa Walker, 1855 from Sul awesi
and Flores, Indonesia (Lepidoptera: Eup te ro ti dae). — En to­
dark pattern, see colour plates) seems in stead to be
mo fauna, Ansfelden, in prep.
re lated to climate and/or local en vi ron men tal factors
———, & Oberprieler, R. G. (2007): The nomenclature of the fam i­
(possibly predominant vege ta tion co lours, as the co lour
ly­group names of Eupterotidae (Lep i do pte ra: Bom by coi­
and pattern of the species is evid ent ly a dead­leaf mim e­
dea). — Nota lepidopterologica, Dresden, 30 (2): 315–327.
sis); how ever, it has not been reared un der controlled
———, & ——— (2008): An annotated catalogue of the genera of
climatic con ditions to test this hy pothesis. Al so, the
Eu pte ro tidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Bomb ycoidea). — Sen­
small dif fer en ces in the ♂ ge ni ta lia are evi dent ly not
cken bergiana biologica, Frankf urt am Main, 88 (1): 53–80.
confined to particular reg ions or is lands but reflect ind i­
— Errata et addenda: Sen cken bergiana biologica, 88 (2): 124.
vi dual variability and may also cor relate with the general
Oberprieler, R. G., Nässig, W. A., & Edwards, E. D. (2003): Eb be pte­
variability in size.
rote, a new genus for the Australian ‘Eupterote’ ex pan sa (T. P.
Lucas), with a revised classification of the family Eup te rot­
No topotypical material of P. cur rani from the Zam bo anga
idae (Lepidoptera). — Invertebrate Systematics, Canb er ra,
Peninsula (West Min da nao) was studied, espe ci al ly from
17: 99–110.
the area of Zamboanga (“Dis trict of Zam bo an ga, Port
Schultze, W. (1910): Contributions to the lepidopterous fauna of
Banga”, the type locality) at the sou th ern edge of this
the Philippines. — The Philippine Journal of Science, Ma ni la,
pen in sula. Schulze’s (1910) original il lus tra tion is only
5 (3): 161–180, pl. 1.
in black and white, of rather poor qua lity and slight ly
Seitz, A. (1922) [some parts of the family treatment were written
dis tor ted, but un am bi g ous. How ever, the ma te ri al from
by E. Strand]: 10. Familie, Eupterotidae. — Pp. 417–432, pls.
other lo ca li ties on Min danao and from Jolo of the Sulu 31, 36, 37, 56 B, 57 in: Seitz, A. (ed.) (1911–1933), Die Gross­
Ar chipelago does not differ cons is tently and signif i cant ly Schmetterlinge der Erde, 10, Die indoaustralischen Spinner
from other isl and po pu la tions, including the one from und Schwärmer. — Stuttgart (A. Kernen), ix + ii + 909 pp.,
Central Luz on re pre sent ing the other described tax on, 104 pls.
go nio pte ra. Therefore, Apha gonioptera West, 1932 is Semper, G. (1896): Heterocera, Familie Eupterotidae. — Pp. 387–
here syn ony mised with Pseu do ga ni sa cur rani Schultze, 390 in: Semper, G. (1896–1902), Die Schmetterlinge der phil­
ip pinischen Inseln. Beitrag zur indo­ma layischen Lep i do pte­
1910, syn. n. A DNA­based study could be useful though
ren­Fauna. Zweiter Band [Zweite Abtheilung]: Die Nachtf al­
to test this mor pho lo gy­based hy po thesis.
ter. He te ro ce ra. [Edited by C. semPer under the title: Rei sen
im Archipel der Phil ip pi nen, zwei ter Theil, Wis sen schaft li­
Acknowledgments
che Resultate, Sechster Band.] — Wiesb a den (C. W. Krei del),
pp. 381–728, pls. C–V [pre ima gin als], l–lxvi [ima gi nes].
We thank Thomas F. Witt and Dr. Wolfgang Speidel
(CMWM) for providing access to the collection of the Treadaway, C. G. (1995): Checklist of the butterflies of the Phil ip­
pi ne islands (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). — Nachrichten des
Mu se um Witt, Munich, and for various support during
En tomologischen Vereins Apollo, Frankfurt am Main, Sup-
the study. Swen Löffler, Lichtenstein/Sachsen, kindly
ple mentum 14: 7–118.
gave us access to his coll ec tion and contrib uted col lec ting
Vane­Wright, R. I. (1990): Chapter 2: The Philippines — Key
data and photographs. We also thank the many peo ple
to the biogeography of Wal la cea? — Pp. 19–34 in: Knight,
in the Phil ip pi nes who generously supplied ma te rial and
W. J., & Holloway, J. D. (eds.), Insects and the rain for ests of
data. Ni ko lay N. Ignatyev, Uljanovsk, pro vided a pho to South East Asia (Wallacea). — London (Royal En to mo lo gi cal
of the holotype of Apha gonio ptera from the BMNH and So ciety of Lon don), iv + 343 pp.
Dr. Jens­Peter Kopelke, For schungs in sti tut Sen cken berg, West, R. J. (1932): Further descriptions of new species of Ja pa nese,
Frankfurt am Main, pre pared the ge ni ta lia pho to graphs Formosan and Philippine Heterocera. — Novitates Zool o gi­
with his mi cro scopic equip ment and (in part) “Auto­ cae, Tring, 37: 207–228.
mon tage” software. The geni ta lia draw ings were done by Zwick, A. (2009): The principal structure of male genital sclerites
Amir Nasiri, Frankfurt am Main, during a practical cour­ and muscles of bombycoid moths, with special reference
se in the Section En to mo lo gy II. Dr. Rolf G. Ober prie ler, to An thelidae (Lepidoptera: Bombycoidea). — Arthropod
Struc ture & Development, Amsterdam, 38: 147–161.
CSIRO, Can berra, cri tic ally read the ma nu script.
Internet references
References
Catalogue of Life: www.catalogueoflife.org/annual­checklist/
Forbes, W. T. M. (1955): The subdivision of the Eupterotidae
browse_taxa.php. — Last accessed: 8. v. 2009.
(Le pi do ptera). — Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, Leiden, 98
Encyclopedia of Life: eol.org. — Last accessed: 8. v. 2009.
(2): 85–132.
Lepindex of BMNH [= The Global Lepidoptera Names Index]
Kristensen, N. P. (2003): 4. Skeleton and muscles: adults. — Pp.
(editors: Beccaloni, G. W., Scoble, M. J., Ro bin son, G. S., &
39–131 in: Kristensen, N. P. (ed.), Lepidoptera, moths and
Pitkin, B., 2003): www.nhm.ac.uk/jdsml/re search­curation/
butter flies. Vol. 2: morphology, physiology, and devel op­
ment. — Part 36 of: Fischer, M. (serial ed.), Handbook of re search/projects/lepindex/indexadv.dsml or www.nhm.ac.
uk/en tomology/lepindex. — Last accessed: 8. v. 2009.
Zoo logy, vol. IV, Arthropoda: Insecta. — xii + 564 pp.; Ber lin,
New York (W. de Gruyter). uBio.org: www.ubio.org. — Last accessed: 8. v. 2009.
© Entomologischer Verein Apollo e. V., Frankfurt am Main, Juni 2009 ISSN 0723­9912
© Entomologischer Verein Apollo e. V., Frankfurt am Main