The Genus Marasmius from the Southern Appalachian Mountains

864 Pages·2016·5.33 MB·English

by  Dennis Edmund Desjardin

UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff TTeennnneesssseeee,, KKnnooxxvviillllee
TTRRAACCEE:: TTeennnneesssseeee RReesseeaarrcchh aanndd CCrreeaattiivvee
EExxcchhaannggee
Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School
8-1989
TThhee GGeennuuss Marasmius ffrroomm tthhee SSoouutthheerrnn AAppppaallaacchhiiaann MMoouunnttaaiinnss
Dennis Edmund Desjardin
University of Tennessee - Knoxville
Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss
Part of the Botany Commons
RReeccoommmmeennddeedd CCiittaattiioonn
Desjardin, Dennis Edmund, "The Genus Marasmius from the Southern Appalachian Mountains. " PhD
diss., University of Tennessee, 1989.
https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2513
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To the Graduate Council:
I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Dennis Edmund Desjardin entitled "The Genus
Marasmius from the Southern Appalachian Mountains." I have examined the final electronic
copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Botany.
Ronald H. Petersen, Major Professor
We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance:
Edward Schilling, Roy E. Halling, David K. Smith, Ernest C. Bernard
Accepted for the Council:
Carolyn R. Hodges
Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School
(Original signatures are on file with official student records.)
Tot heG raduaCtoeui nlc:
I ams umbititngh erewia tdhis sertaitonw rittenb yD eninsE dmund
Desajrdiennt iteld" Thgee nuMsar asumisf rotmh es outheArpnp alhaicna
Mounitna.s"I haveex amintehdef inalc opoyf t hisd issertiaotnf or
foramn dc onteanntdr ecmmoendt haitt b ea ccpeteidn p arital
fuflillmenotf t her eqiurmeentfso rt hed egroefeD octoofrP hiloosphy,
wiht maa ojr in nyB.o ta
Proe ssro
Weh avree atdhi sd issertianot
andr ecmmoendi tsa ccpetan:c e
'· { ' \ ( \
Accpetedf ort heC ouinlc:
VicPer osvto
andD eaonf T heG raduaStcheo ol
THE GENUS lfARASIUUS
FROM THE
SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS
A Dissertiaotn
Presnetefdo rt he
DoctoofrP hiolsophy
Degree
TheU niveristyo fT enensseKen,o ixvlel
DeninsE dmunDde sajrdin
Augsut1 989
ii
Thisd isrsteaitoni sd eidcatetdom yp aresn,At liec andE dmund
Desajrd,i Jnr. ,wh soel ovisnugp oprta ndc onsiesntte ncoumreanghtea ve
grelayti nlfuencmeydd eveplmoenats a mycoliosg.t
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I amd eepglrayt eftuolD r. nRaolHd. P etseenr forh isg uindcae
ande ncoaugmreentth roughtohuect o usreo ft hiss tud.y I greatly
aprpeicatteh em anhyo ursh ahses pnetw iht med isucssingt aoxnom, y
noemncluartea ndp hylogoefnb ya isdimyocetofuusni g.I extemnyd
graitutdet oD r.s ErnsetC .B erna,r EddwaSrdc hlili,n agndD avidK .
Smitfho rt hierh eldpu irngt hipsr oejc,t andf ort hiers uggeisotnasn d
commetnso nt hidsi ssertaito.n I wistho t hanDkr. REo.yH allingf or
hisc riitcaclom mentosn tthaex onoomfmy ar amsioiadn dc olylbioid
funig,f orp rvoiidnga ccetsosr arlei etrarteu, ande sepcilaly for his
frinedhsi.p I alstoh anDkr. Hallnigf ora llowimnegt oa ccomphainmy
duirngf ielwdorikn C oolmibaa nd fporvroid infgni anicals uppofrotr
thaetx crusio.n
Thef ollowipnego palree t hankfeodra ccmopainyngm e diunrg
filedwoarnkd fcoorn itubrtingp ersosnpaelic mentso thrieessa r:c h
Dr.s Heidia ndT im Anke, TimothBya rnoi,A ndreaBsr eisns,kR yoy
Haliln,g EgoHno r,aA kndrMeewt hv,e CnlarkO vre,b EorasPta ramst,o
RonaPledt seenr,M airoR acjhenrbg,e ScottR edeha,dW altSeurn dgbe,r
HarrTyhi er,s RyatsV ilgal,y asndM uZ ang,M r. DavidL ewi,sM r. Scott
Gord,oM ns.M ossB aldwiann dM r.sQ uixiWnu. Adidtinoall,yI wistho
thantkh ed irectoarnsdc uartorosf eacthh eho efr biaarl isted in
ChaptIeIrw hok indlpyr ovimdaetdie arlf ors tud.y I espieacly lthank
thef ollionwgp eopfloer t heirh ospitalaintday s stianscep rovided
duirngm yv iistst ot hier resipveeic ntsittuets: Drs.W ililma R.B urk
(CNU),R oyE .H allniga ndB arbaMr.aT hier(sNY ), JohHn. H aine(sYN S),
iv
JameKsim brou(gLFhA )S,D onaldP fHi.es rt( FH,)Am y Rossma(nP BI)a,n d
RobeLrt.S haffe(rIM CH.)
I acnkolwedgfeni anicals uppofrotrt hisp roejctf rmo the
followingi nsitutteosr s octiiees: TheH ihglanBdis oolgiaclS taitno
forg rnat-in-aiadn d forR atlhpMeh. S agrenMte omriaSlch olarsihp;
MyclooigcaSlo ctiyeo fA meircaf ora GraduaFtelelo wisph; Naitonal
SciencFeon udaitno fora DoctoDriaslr steatiIomnpo rvemeGnrta n(tSB R-
8612110)Un;i versiotfyT ensnseee( TUK)S cineceA llnicae ftohrre e
SummeRr eseha Arwcadrs; UTKf ora Hilnt Ao.S mitNho -nSreviec
Fellowhsi.p I espieaclltyh ank Dtehpeam retnotf B otaUnTyK f or
equmienpt, supplie,sa nd fsourpo prt tof ildedow oarnkd a ttned
profienosaslm eeitng.s
I adme epilnyd ebttoeD dr. H arrDy. T hierwsh oi nsipredm et o
becmoe mayc oolgisatn dd ierctemdyM asrt'esD egrreees recaha tS an
FrnaciscSot atUeni versiyt.
Finalyl, I sniacme reglrya tetfoum ly w if,e Noley,n forh er
lov,eu ndsetrnadi,n pgaitnece, encourmaegneatn ds uppotrhtr oughout
thipsr oejc.t
v
ABSTRACT
Theg enuMsa rasm(iTursci hlooamtacee,Aa gaircales,
Basidmiyoocti)n caonisttutoense o f tlhaer ggeenre roaf l titer­
deocmpoisnga ndl tite-rbindimnugs hro,o rmespresewnotlreddiw deb y
apprmoaxteil5y0 0s pec.i eTshiyr-tehitgt axrae psrenetinegih gt
secitonso ft he geanruers e coigeznda so ccurrinignt hes outhern
Appalacihna Monutian.s Seveno ft heset axaa ren ew stcoin ec,ew hiel
ana dditniaol1 4a rer eporftoerdt hef ristt mief rmo thsetu dya re.a
Ina dditni,o ones encietown i sp rpoos.e d
Desicprtnisoo fs outhAeprapnl acnh sipeacieosfM arasumshi ave
beecno mipeldf rmo datoan m arco-andm icromoorlpohgifceaatlu roefs
basiiodamt,a supplmeentweidh t datoan g eorgapihcaaln de cological
distirubtino. Detaisl onn omneclatuarned c opmarisonwsit h
pheniecatlyl smiilart axaar ep rodvei,d asa rei lulstratiofo ns
diganotsicmi cmrorophloogicalc haracst.eD richotomkoeuysts o t he
secitnosa nds peiceso fs outheArpnp alacnh Miaarasumsai rep rensteed,
and par eilminakreyy Mtaor asumsfi rmo NortAhm eircai so fferde.
Thet axomniocp otenitalo fc ultumroarlp lhooyg ansdp otte stfso r
phelnooixdase achtaivvbeie teyan n layz.e dDecsripitonosf c ultumraet
morplhoogoyf 2 9t axgar own onE xMtarlaAtcg ta (rMEA ) andP otato
DetxrosAeg a(rP D)A arep renstee,d anda synpotikce y atiodi nt hier
diagnsoisi sp rodvei.d Thesset uidesi nidactetdh actu lutrem at
morplhoogays d evelopoendM E Aw ass miilarf orm ostt axa, and
consequnetloyf l miitetda xomniocv alu.e Convseerlyc,u ltumraet
morplhoogdyev elopeodnP DAw asd istincitvea ndt axomniocayl ulseful
vi
fore ahc taxon enxea.dm iResultosfs potte stfso rp helnooixadse
actiyv iintidactet hactu lutreosf a ll teaxxaam insehdo wleda ccase
acitvi,tw yhiel baisdiomaotfat hes maet axsah owneodl accase
actiyv.i Itnc opmarsio,n cultuarnedsc oresrpondbianisgdi moatoaf
somes peicess howteydr soniasaec itvi,tw yhiel othetrax as howneod
tyrsoniasaec tviity. Spotte stfso rt yrsoniasaec tivpirtoyv ed
taxoinocmayl ulsef.u l
To acrliftyh et axoomnya ndn oemnclaturoef s outheArpnp alacihna
Marasumsei xtatnytp sep eicmnes, autnhteicm atiearlor r eprnetsaeitve
matiearlo f2 17s peicesha vbee eenx maineda ndt hierc orretcatx omnioc
dipsoistino deetrmin. eNdeotyoprel ectyoptes peicmenasr e idngeasetd,
andn ewc omibnaitnosa rep ropowsheedr aep prioaprt.e
vii
TABLE OFCO NTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
I. INTRUOCDTION 1
Taxoniocam ndN omnecaltrualH isotry 6
. • • . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
SecitnoalC onctesp 10
. . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. •. . . . . . . .
Infragiecn eaCrslsiicfaitno ofS outhern
Apaplacnh Tiaaxa 11
. . . . . . • . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
II.M ATEIRALASN DM ETHO.DS. . . . ................. . . . . . .1.3. . . . . . .
.
TaxoniocSm tudies 13
• . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......
CultuMraetA nalyses 19
. . . . . . . . . . . • . . . .... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . • .
PhelnooxidAanasley ses 21
. • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SpoTte stosnC ultures 22
. . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . ... .
SpoTte stosnB aisdimaota 22
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . • . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
II.ID ISCUSISONO FT AXONIOCCM HARACTE.R.S . . . . . ............ 2.4. . . .
MacmroorplhooigaclF eatur.e..s. . . . . .............. ...2.4. . .
BasidimoeS taturaen dS ize. . . . . . ................... .2.4.
BaisdimeoD evelopment 26
. . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . .
Pileus Feat.u r.e s. . . . . . . . . . .2 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Sizea nds hape . . . . .2 6. . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • .
Surfa.c e. . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Color 28
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .
Pileucso ntext . . . . . .2 9. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .
LamlelarF earteus . . . . . . . . .2 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . • .
Atatchment . . . . . . .2 9. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .
Spaicng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Width. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Color. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Lamleullea . . . . . . . . . . . 3. 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . • .
StipeF eatures . . 33
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .
Sizea nds hape. . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Textur.e . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . • .
Color . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. • . . • . . • .
Atatchmetnott hes ubstra.t e. . . . . . . .3 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
Rhizmoorphs . . . . . . . . .3 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • .
Odoarn dT aste . . . . . . . . 3.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . • . . . • . . . . . • . • .
SubstrAaftfei yn.it. . . . . .. ............................3 9
MircomorplhoogicFaela tures 40
. . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . .... • . . . . •
Baisd ipoosres . . . . .4 0. . . . .
. . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • .
Baisdia . . 43
. . . . • • . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • .
Baisdioles 44
. . • . . • • • • . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . • . . • . •
Plueroctyidsia . . 44
• . . • • . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .
Cheiolcysitdia . . . . . 4.5 . . . . . .
. • • . . • • . • . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • .
HymeinalS etae. . . . . . . . . . . . .4 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
PileieplliAsrr gaenmeanntd C ellt-yp.e . ...... . . . . .4.7 . . .
PileuTsr am.a . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LaemllarT rmaa . . . . . . . . . 5. 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . • .