The genus Fulgoraria (Gastropoda: Volutidae) of the northeastern Kamchatka Peninsula and Sakhalin Island, with notes on the paleoecology and distribution of the subfamily Fulgorariinae in the Oligocene of the northern Pacific

10 Pages·1993·3.9 MB·English

THE NAUTILUS 106(4):137-146, 1998 Page 137
The Genus Fulgoraria (Gastropoda: Volutidae) of the northeastern
Kamchatka Peninsula and Sakhahn Island, with Notes on the
Paleoecology and Distribution of the Subfamily Fulgorariinae in
the Oligocene of the northern Pacific
Anton E. Oleinik'
Hussiaii Acadfiin nt Sciences
Geological Institute
Pyzhevsky per. 7
109017 Moscow, Russia
ABSTRACT Thesubfamily Fulgorariinaecomprisesagroupofcar-
nivorous gastropods with a uniserial radula composed of
Four new species of the genus Fulgoraria Sclnunacher, 1817, tricuspidrachidianteeth(Cooke, 1922;Habe, 1943;Oku-
(subgenus Musashia Ha\ashi. I960) are described from the
OligoceneAlugian Formationof the llpinsk\ Peninsula, north- tani, 1963; Weaver & du Pont, 1970; Watanabe & Habe,
easternKamchatka Peninsula, Russia. Previouslydescribedful- 1978). The higher systematics of this subfamily is still
gorariine gastropods from the same region, and from the Oli- not fully resolved, with the two most recent revisions
gocene of Sakhalin and Karaginsky Islands, are also figured. (Shikama, 1967; Weaver & du Pont, 1970) differing pri-
OxvgenisotopicanalysesofcontemporaneousCyclocardiashells, marilyintherankingofsupraspecifictaxa. Shikama(1967)
along with a comparison of the ecology of Recent congeneric recognizes three genera: Fulgoraria Schumacher, 1817,
taxaandapaleoecologicanal)sissuggestabath)alenvironment Musashia Hayashi, 1960, and Saotomea Habe, 1943, as
as most probable for these Oligocene Fulgorariinae. .\ review well as the subgenera Psephaea Crosse, 1871, Nippon-
of theOligocene biogeography of northern fuigorariinesalong ornelon Shikama, 1967, Neopscphaea Takeda, 1953, and
tNhoertnhorAtmheerrincaP,aciinfdiiccatmeasrgtihant,thiinscsluubdfianmgiltyhehawdesatmerunchcobarsotado-f Miopleiona Dall, 1907. The last two are known only as
er distribution during late Paleogene time than today. These fossils. Shikama's classification is based exclusively on
data point to more favorable climatic conditions (including shell characters such as the number and shape of colu-
lower water temperatures) for dispersal of fulgorariine volutes mellar plaits, the size and form of the protoconch, and
during the Oligocene features of the external shell morphology. All of these
Key words: Fulgorariinae; systematics; distribution; Oligo- characters, especially the number of columellar plaits,
cene; Paleogene; Northern Pacific. may vary duringontogeny. Interpreting thishighly vari-
ableshell morphology isfurthercomplicatedwhenwork-
ing with fossil specimens, as they are often incompletely
INTRODUCTION preserved.
Based on shell and radular characters, Weaver and du
Volutid gastropods are common as fossils in Cenozoic Pont (1970) recognized onlyasingle Recent north Pacific
faunas of the northern Pacific region. However, their genus Fulgoraria, with the subgenera Psephaea, Volu-
fossil record from some parts of this region, particularly tipisrna Rehder, 1969, Musashia. Kurodina Rehder, 1969
the far east of Russia, is still very incompletely known. and Saotomea. These authors regard Nipponornelon as
The subfamily Fulgorariinae Pilsbry and Oisson, 1954, asynonsmofMusashia.anddonotdiscussthetaxonomic
is the dominant group among North Pacific Cenozoic position of the fossil Neopsephaea and Miopleiona.
volutes. Recent members of the "northern group" (Shi- The present paper provisionally follows the classifi-
kama, 1967) of thissubfamily arerestricted toJapan and cation of Weaver and du Pont (1970), but includes Nip-
adjacent seas. Less well-known extinct species occurred ponornelon. Miopleiona and Neopsephaea assubgenera
.
along both eastern and western margins of the North of Fulgoraria.
Pacific during both early and late Cenozoic time. Twenty-six species of Fulgorariinae from the latest
Eocene and Oligocene formations of the north Pacific
havebeenfiguredordescribed. Ofthese,eightareknown
only from North America [Poul Creek and Narrow Cape
' Present Address: Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sci- (ofSitkinak Island) Formationsof Alaska; Blakeley, Twin
ences, PurdueUniversity, West Lafayette, Indiana47907, USA River, and Eugene Formations of Oregon and Washing-
—
.
Page 138 THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 106, No. 4
ton], and have been referred to the subgenera Nippon- The following institutional acronyms are used; GI
omelon, Musashia. Miopleiona. and Seopsephaea (Dur- Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. Mos-
ham, 1944; Addicott et ai, 1971; Tegland, 1933; Allison cow;CMG—CentralMuseumofGeology,St. Petersburg,
& Marincovich, 1981; Moore, 1984). Nine species, re- Russia; USNM National Museum of Natural History,
ferredtothesubgeneraFulgoraria, Psephaea, Musashia, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA.
i^'ipponomelon. and Neopsephaea, are restricted to the
Oligocene of Japan (Ashiya, Kishima. Nishisonogi, Ku- SYSTEMATICS
mano, and Chikokubo Formations of K%ushu and Hon-
Family Volutidae Rafinesque, 1815
shu Islands; Momijiyama Formation of Hokkaido) (Oya- SubfamiK Fulgorariinae Pilsbry and Olsson, 1954
ma et ai, 1964; Shikama, 1967; Masuda & Noda, 1976). Genus Fulgoraria Schumacher, 1817
An additional seven species, from various localities along
Subgenus Musashia Hayashi, 1960
thenorthwesterncoast of the United Statesand the Kam-
chatka Peninsula, have only been identified to the sub- Fulgoraria {Musashia) novoilpinica new species
genericlevel (Allison & Marincovich, 1981;Moore, 1984; Figures 1, 2, 17
Gladenkov. Sinelnikova & Bratseva, 1987). Onlyonespe-
Description: Shell fusiform, slender, with 4-5 postnu-
ciesendemictotheKamchatkaPeninsulaandtheKoryak
clear whorls. Last whorl stout, comprising -3 of shell
Upland, Fitlgoraria {Musashia) olutorskiensis L. Krish-
height. Suture moderateK impressed, subsutural band
tofovich, 1973, has been described to date. A second absent, .\perture elliptical (Length width — 3). Inner
Siberian species, Fulgoraria (Nipponomelon) tohunagai
(Kanehara, 1937) is more widespread and is also known lSiipphwointahlocnaenanlarwirdoew.cAoxliuamlelslcaurlpftoulrdeaonfdnusimpehroonuals f(o1l0d-.
from the Oligocene of Japan.
12 on penultimate whorl) thin ribs, more pronounced on
earlierwhorls, smootherand wideronbod\ whorl. Spiral
MATERIALS AND METHODS sculpture of fine, raised threads covering entire surface.
—
All specimens in this stud\- were collected during field Material examined: Holot\pe USXM 468649. le—ngth
work in eastern Kamchatkaand Sakhalin Island between (incomplete) 119.5 mm, width 58.3 mm; Paratype GI
1965 and 1986. They were taken from the Alugian For- 4072,length(shellstronglydecorticated) 124.7mm. width
mation of northeastern Kamchatka, the "Laternula" 62.2 mm; 1 ju\enile shell. 7 broken shellsand fragments,
sandstones of Karaginsky Island, and the Matchigarian 2 molds; all from the t\pe localit\
Formation ofcentral Sakhalin (fig. 21). The preservation Type locality: Northwestern part of the Ilpinsky Pen-
ofthespecimenswasoften fragmentary, withthefigured
insula, eastern Kamchatka, Russia. Upper part of the
specimens representing the most complete material
.Alugian Formation, Oligocene.
In order to address the questions of the ecolog\ of
these Oligocene fulgorariines, a paleotemperature anal- Stratigraphic range: Known onl\ from the Upper part
ysis of shells of Cyclocardia ilpinensis Pronina, 1973, of the Alugian Formation of eastern Kamchatka. Oli-
which occurs in abundance in the same strata as the gocene.
volutes, wasconducted. Thisstandard analysis wasbased Comparalive remarks: .\lthough similar to Fulgoraria
on the ratioof the oxygen isotopes ('''O/'*0). The values shutoiShikama, 1967, from the Kishima Formation (Oli-
of '''O""O (PDB standard, mass spectrograph) were ad- gocene, Japan), this new species differs in having a more
justed totheStandard MeanOcean Water (SMOW)stan- elongated last whorl, narroweraxial folds, nearly smooth
dard and corrected for altered isotopic composition at body whorl, and only a single fold rather than several
higher latitudes. Temperature valueswerecalculated us-
strong ones.
ing the following formula:
T = 16.5 - 4.3 (b - A) + 0.14(b - A)^, Fulgoraria {Musashia) olutorskiensis (L. Krishtofovich,
where T is the temperature in°C, b is the instrumentally 1973)
determined difference in the '^'O/ "'O ratio between the Figures 11, 12, 15, 16
sample and the standard, and A is the correction for the Miopleiona oregonensis Khomenko, 193325, pi 6, fig.20.
oirtiugdiensaAl i=so—top1.icPrcioomrptoosiantailoynsiosf, aslelashwealtlesrw.eFroerexhiagmhinleatd- Mioplfiegis.on8a,9,olutorskiensis L. Krishtofovich, 1973:77, pi. 22,
using X-ray diffraction analysis to exclude specimens in Musashia olutorskiensis Dewatiiova & X'oiobueva, 1981:128,
which the aragonitic structure had recr\stallized. pi. :32, fig. 2.
Figures 1.2. Fulgoraria{Musashia)novoilpinica, newspecies. Holotype, I SNM 468649, 119.5 mm, .\lugian Formation, Oligocene.
Figures 3. 4. Fulgoraria (Musashia) genuata, new species. Holotype, USNM 468650, 84.5 mm, .\lugian Formation. Oligocene.
Figures 5. 6. Fulgoraria {Seopsephaea) tenuis (Shikama, 1967). GI 1164, 49.2 mm, Matschigarian Formation, Oligocene. Figures
7, 8. Fulgoraria (Musashia) tilitschikensis, new species. Holotype, USNM 468652, 51.1 mm, Alugian Formation, Oligocene.
A. E. Oleinik, 1993 Page 139
Page 140 THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 106, No. 4
Musashia (Musashia) sp. Gladenkov, Siiielniko\a & Bratseva, Comparative remarks: Although similar to Fulgoraria
1987:57, pi. 15, fig.2. (Musashia)fujimotoi (Kanno, 1958) from the Hikokubo
Formation (Oligocene-Miocene, Japan), this new species
Description: Shell oblong, fusiform, relatively thin, with
5-6 postnuclear whorls. Body whorl comprises appro.x- differs in having stouter whorls and a lower spire, in
havingoneinstead oftwocolumellarfolds, andinhaving
imately -3 of shell height. SutureslightU depressed, with
finer spiral sculpture.
narrow subsutural band. Aperture elliptical, acute pos-
teriorly. Inner lip arched, with one narrow columellar
fold. Callus thin, narrow. Shell surface nearly smooth, Fulgoraria (Musashia) cordafa new species
\\iththingrowthstriaeand very fine, raisedspiral threads. Figures 13, 14
Material examined: Holotype—CMG 21/10285, length Description: Shell elongate, fusiform, slender, with four
130.4 mm, width 48 mm, Pachatchi River, Olutorsky postnuclear whorls, short siphonal canal and narrowly
Region, eastern Kamchatka, Russia, "Hpinian" Forma- channeled suture. Body whorl comprises approximately
tion, Oligocene; Paratype—19/10285, Gulf of Olutorsk, ¥4 ofshell length. Apertureoblong, with narrow posterior
Govena Peninsula, eastern Kamchatka, Russia, Oligo- angle. Columella with one weak columellar fold, .\xial
—
cene; GI 1486, Gl 4055 both from Ilpinsky Peninsula, sculpture of low, rounded ribs (— 12 per whorl on pen-
northeastern Kamchatka, Russia, Alugian Formation, ultimate whorl). Axial ribscrossedby fine, closelyspaced
Oligocene;9incompleteshellsandfragmentsand7molds. spiral lines.
—
Type locality: Olutorsky Region, northeastern Kam- Material examined: Holotype USNM 468651, length
chatka, Russia. 59.1 mm, width 24.3 mm; Paratype 1—GI 4063/2, length
—
50.5 mm, width 26.5 mm; Paratype 2 GI 40531, length
Stratigraphic range: Known from the Oligocene for- 62.8 mm, width 26.5 mm; two molds, three fragments
mations of northeastern Kamchatka; abundant in the
and one impression; all from the type locality.
Alugian Formation of the Ilpinsk\- Peninsula.
Type locality: Northwestern part of Ilpinskv Peninsula,
Comparative remarks: With its nearly smoothsculpture, northeastern Kamchatka, Russia. Upper part of the .alu-
thisspeciesmostcloselyresemblesFulgoraria [Musashia)
gian Formation. Oligocene.
nagaoi(Shikama, 1967)fromthePoronai Formation(Eo-
cene-Oligocene of Hokkaido), but differs in being more Stratigraphic range: Known only from the type locality.
elongated, in having fine spiral sculpture, and in having Comparative remarks: This new species is most similar
a distinct subsutural band.
toFulgoraria (Musashia) weaveri (Tegland, 1933) of the
Blakeley Formation (Oligocene, Washington, USA), but
Fulgoraria (Musashia) genuata new species has a more elongated shell, more numerous axial ribs,
Figures 3, 4, 19 and much stronger spiral threads.
Description: Shell oblong, fusiform, slender, with three
stout, preserved whorls, and estimated 5-6 postnuclear
whorls in intact specimens. Body whorl comprises < % Fulgoraria (Musashia) tilitschikensis new species
total shell length. Suture shallow, slightly impressed. Ap- Figures 7, 8, 18
erture elliptical. Columella with one weak columellar
Description: Shell globoseK fusiform, solid Teleoconch
fold. Sculpture of straight, smooth, widely spaced axial of about 5 whorls. Suture narrowly pressed. Body whorl
ribs(4perwhorl), most prominentonearly whorls. Spiral comprises % shell length. Aperture semiovate, with thin,
sculpture of numerous, fine, slightly raised threads cov-
narrow callus. Inner lip with one weak, subvertical col-
ering shell surface.
umellar fold. Axial sculpture of rounded arcuate ribs (13
—
Material examined: Holotype USNM 468650, length on body whorl). Spiral sculpture lacking.
84.5 mm, width 40.0 mm; Paratype—GI 40721, length Material examined: Holot\pe—USNM 468652, length
75.9 mm, width 46.1 mm; both from type locality. (incomplete) 51.1 mm, width 29.5 mm, from the type
Type locality: Northwestern part of Ilpinsky Peninsula, locality; Paratype GI 40724, length (incomplete) 65.0
northeastern Kamchatka, Russia. Alugian Formation. mm, width 37.6 mm, Ilpinsk> Peninsula, northeastern
Oligocene. Kamchatka, Russia. .Alugian Formation, Oligocene.
Stratigraphic range: Known only from the Alugian For- Type locality: Korf Settlement. Coal River, northeastern
mation of the Ilpinsky Peninsula. Oligocene. Kamchatka, Russia. Alugian Formation. Oligocene.
Figures 9, 10. Fulgoraria (Nipponumclon) cLtokunagai (Kanehara, UW7). GI 3586 1804. 149 mm, "Lalcrnula" Sandstones,
Karagin.sky Island, Oiigocene-Lower Miocene (?). Figures 11, 12, 15, 16. Fulgoraria (Musashia) olutorskiensis (L. Krishtofovich,
1973). 11,12.GI 1486,61.8mm, 15, 16.GI4055, 103.9mm,AlugianFormation,Oligocene. Figures 13, 14.Fulgoraria{Musashia)
cordata, new species. Holotype, USNM 468651, 59.1 mm, Alugian Formation, Oligocene.
A. E. Oleinik. 1993 Page 141
cm.
THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 106, No. 4
Page 142
A. E. Oleinik, 1993 Page 143
DEPTH IN METERS
Recent species of Fulgorarinae:
250 500 750
Fulgoraria (Miisashia) cancellata Kuroda etHabe
Fulgoraha (Musashia)formosanaAzuma
Fulgoraria (Musashia) clara (Sowerby)
Fulgoraria (Nipponomelon) kamakurerisis(Otuka)
Fulgoraria (Nipponomelon) elongata Shikanm
Fulgoraria (Nipponomelon)prevostiana Crosse
Fulgoraria (Nipponomelon) angulosa Shikama
Figure 20. Bath>Tnetric distributions of Recent species of Fulgorariinae of Japan and adjacent seas, based on data in Shikama
(1967), and Weaver and du Pont (1970). Thickness of hnes indicates relative abundance.
Slratigraphic range: Known only from the Alugian For- covered b\- a thin callus, which adheres to the columella
mation of northeastern Kamchatka, Russia. Oligocene. and thickens anteriorly,"
Comparativeremarks:ThisspeciesresemblesFulgoraria Material examined: Onespecimen, GI3586/1804, length
(Musashia) shikamai Moore, 1984, from the Poul Creek 149 mm, width 62.2 mm, from the "Laternula" sand-
Formation (Alaska, USA)and theClallamand Twin Riv- stones, Karaginsky Island, Gnunvayam River, Russia.
er Formations (Washington, USA), but this new species Oligocene-Lower Miocene (?).
has more sharpened axial ribs and finer spiral threads.
Type locality: Yanagaya bed, \agakura coal mine, Yu-
Subgenus Nipponomelon Shikama, 1967 moto, IwakiCity, FukushimaPrefecture, Honshu,Japan.
Lower Miocene.
Fulgoraria (Nipponomelon) of. tokiinagai (Kanehara,
1937) Stratigraphic range: "Laternula" sandstones, Karagin-
Figures 9, 10 sk\ Island, Gnunvayam River, Russia, Oligocene-Lower
Miocene (?), to Yanagaya bed, Nagakura coal mine, Yu-
Psephaea tokunagai Kanehara, 1937:16-18, pl.2, figs. 2-,5. moto, IwakiCit\ Fukushima Prefecture, Honshu,Japan.
,
Fulgoraria (Psephaea)prevostianaCrosse, Shikama, 1954:pi.6, Lower Miocene.
fig. 26,
Fulgoraria tokunagai Kamada, 1962:192, pl21, figs. 5-8. Comparative remarks: Fulgoraria tokunagai is charac-
Musashia (Nipponomelon)tokunagaiShikama, 1967:100-101, terized by a large size, high spire, large protoconch, and
pi.14, fig. 4. numerous axial folds. The spiral sculpture on the single
Musashia tokunagai Devvatilova & Volobueva, 1981:128, pi.33, specimen from Karaginsky Island is poorly preserved,
fig- 1- but this specimen retains visible traces of the axial folds
Original Description: "Shell tall and high spired, apical and thin spiral grooves. The shape and size of this spec-
angle about 25 degrees. Suture slightK impressed with imen, especialK the features of the aperture, suture, and
narrow shelf around it. Surface ornamented with a.xial sculpture, are the same as in typical F. tokunagai. How-
folds, which ma\ be somewhat accentuated above and ever, the Russian specimen differs from the type in hav-
tend to disappear on the body whorl. Spirally grooved ing a single columellar fold rather than two. This dif-
regularly, also over the folds, .Aperture spindle shaped, ference, together uith the poor preservation of this shell
obliquely notched posteriorly, with narrower anterior puts the species determination of this specimen in some
canal. Inner lip provided with two columellar folds and doubt.
Figure 17. Fulgoraria (Musashia) novoilpinica, new species. Reconstructeddrawingof holotype. Figure 18. Fulgoraria (Musashia)
tilitschikensis. new species. Reconstructed drawing of holotype. Figure 19. Fulgoraria (Musashia) genuata. new species. Recon-
structed drawing of holotype. Scale bars =10 mm.
—
Page 144 THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 106, No. 4
— —
Figure 2—1. Fossil localities of—Oligocene Fulgorarinae i—n the North Pacific ref—erred to in the text.—1 Honshu Island,—2 Hokkaido
Island, 3 Sakha—lin Island, -4 Kamchatka Peninsula, 5 Karaginsky Island, 6 Sitkinak Island. 7 Kodiak Island, 8 Oregon, 9
Washington, 10 California.
Subgenus Neopsephaea Takeda, 1953 mate whorl, gradually becoming obsolete anteriorly. Tip
of columella straight and narrow. There may be one
Fulgoraria {Neopsephaea) tenuis Shikama, 1967
columellar plait".
Figures 5,6
Supplemental description: Shell is rather slender, elon-
Musashia(Neopsephaea)/emiisShikama, 1967:116-117, pi.13, gate, fusiform, with about 5 (when restored) whorls sep-
figs. 3,4. arated b\ a shallowK impressed suture. Bod> whorl and
Original description: "Shell small in size, slender, fusi- aperture comprising slightl) more than % of total shell
form and with low spire. Suture shallow and there is no length. Aperture elliptical, forming acute angles at an-
subsutural band. Last whorl vaulted at middle and ap- terior and posterior margins. Siphonal notch relatively
erture relatively narrow. Surface of whorl smooth and narrow. Outer lip thin, simple. Columella with one weak
a.xial ribs relatively few and weak, about 11 in penulti- columellar fold. Callus verv thin. Shell surface smooth,
Japan Sakhalin Kamchatka Alaska U.S.
W
E
130 140 150 160 170 180 170 160 150 140 130 120
Fulgoraria
Psephaea
Musashia
[Nipponomelon
Neopsephaea
Miopleiona
Cumulative
Number
ofSpecies
Figure 22. Geographic distribution of the subgenera ot Fulgoraria. and (heir species diversity during ihc Oligocene.
A. E. Oleinik, 1993 Page 145
with thin growth Unes. Axial sculpture ot low rounded down to the —3°C isotherm in high latitudes. Substrates
,
ribs (11-12 on body whorl) that disappear on anterior are predominantly fine silts, muds, and oozes (Encyclo-
portion of body whorl. pedia of Oceanography, 1974; Hickman, 1974). Oxygen
isotope anaKses of five Cyclocardia ilpinensis shells col-
Mnamtie,riwaildtehxa2m2inmemd,: OnneearspLeackiemeMna,tsGclhi1g1a6r4,, lceenntgrtahl49S.a2- lected from the bottom through the top of the Alugian
Formation allowed the estimation of paleotemperatures
khalin Island, Russia. Matschigarian Formation. Oligo-
as ranging from 3°C to 5°C. These data indicate that
cene.
water temperatures remained quite uniform during the
Type locality: Zochuku Sandstone, Kishima Group, Na- deposition ot this formation, and support the hypothesis
gasaki Prefecture, K)ushu, Japan. Oligocene. of a bathyal environment. When compared to Recent
bathyal bottom temperatures, these datasuggest that the
Stratigraphic range: Near Lake Matschigar, central Sa- climatic conditions during Alugian deposition were sim-
khalin Island, Russia, Matschigarian Formation, Oligo-
ilar to those found between 32°N and 45°N, and ap-
cene, to Zochuku Sandstone, Kishima Group, Nagasaki
proximate the temperatures that define the distribution
Prefecture, K\ushu, Japan, Oligocene.
of Recent species of Fulgoraria. Paleotemperatures es-
Coniparaiive remarks: This species is closeK allied to timated for the Alugian Formation exhibit some corre-
Fulgoraria (Mcopscphaea) antiquior Takeda, but may lations with those estimated for Oligocene formations of
be distinguished b\ its more swollen body whorl, nar- the western coast of North .America. Paleotemperatures
roweraperture with distinctive posteriormargin, smooth of the Blakeley Formation (Echinophoria apta zone),
surface, and a.xial ribs that are fewer in number or en- which contains five species of Fulgorariinae. were esti-
tirely obsolete. mated as to be 5-8°C. The remains of Aturia nautiloids
in great abundance, which may have required a tem-
perature of at least 16°C could be explained by post-
DISCUSSION
mortem transport of empty shells, which is fairly com-
The lithology of the Alugian Formation of the llpinsky mon with RecentmNautUus.mPaleodepth was thought to
Peninsula in eastern Kamchatka consists of gray to dark range from 100 to 350 (Moore, 1984). Similarly,
gray claystones and clays. This formation has a total the Narrow Cape Formation of Sitkinak Island (Alaska),
thicknessof about 950 meters, and iscontinuous, lacking which contains three species of Fulgorariinae , was de-
hiatuses or internal unconformities. No shallowing or posited in the outer neritic zone of the continental shelf
deepening trends are e\ident within the section. The (Allison, 1978). A comparison of the Narrow Cape data
strata contain numerous carbonate concretions ranging with that of Recent Alaskan mollusks suggests a paleo-
insizefrom 1 cm toseveral meters. Someoftheclaystone depth of 100-200 m. and water temperaturesof 10-12°C
beds are delicately laminated. These types of sediments in summer months during theOligocene (Allison & Mar-
are indicative of soft bottom environments. incovich, 1981). According to Hall (1964), this type of
Molluscan remains are quite common, but are not marine climate can be defined as cool-temperate. The
Recent species Fulgoraria {Nipponomelon} prevostiana
concentrated in particular layers or lenses. Fossils occur
sporadically throughout the section, both in concretions (Crosmse, 1878) has been dredged from depths of 110-
and within the matrix. The molluscan fauna does not 732 off western Hokkaido, Japan, at a bottom tem-
exhibit mans- changes from the bottom to the top of the perature of 11.8°C (Weaver & du Pont, 1970:45). Water
formation. These data point to a depositional regime temperatures for the Alugian Formation thus seem to be
comprising relatively rapid and uninterrupted sedimen- colder than those in western America. These data more
tation (Kidwell, 1988). probably suggest a deeper depositional environment for
Species diversit\ in the molluscan assemblage of the the Alugian Formation, perhaps no shallower that 400-
Alugian Formation is low. The most abundant taxa oc- 500 m, and therefore colder water.
curringtogether with fulgorariine volutesinclude Trotn- Oligocene climatic conditions, therefore, must have
inina bicordata (Hatai & Koike, 1957), Trominina ish- been quite favorable for a wider distribution of fulgo-
ihariensis (Ha\asaka & Matsui, 1951), Neptiinea ezoana rariinevolutesthatisseentoday. ThisisclearK'supported
Takeda, 1953, Bathybembix sakhalinensis korjakensis by the fossil record (fig. 21). I5ased on the stratigraphic
Volobueva, 1981, Optotiirris(?)sp., Turritellasp., Cryp- distribution and analysis of total species diversity of Ce-
tonatica spp., Acila praedivaricata Nagao & Huzioka, nozoic volutes, it has been deduced that the Oligocene-
1941,and Cyclocardia ilpinensis Pronina, 1973. All these Early Miocene was the first period of wide distribution
taxa haverelativeK broad bath\metric ranges, occurring and high species diversity of northern Pacific Fulgora-
from lower neritic to bath)al depths (Hall, 1960; Noda, riinae (Oleinik, 1990). There was, however, an appre-
1975; Scarlato, 1981; Moore, 1984). ciableamount of endemism, especially at the subgeneric
Recent species of Fulgorariinae are mainly bathyal level. Fulgoraria s.s. and Psephaea, for example, were
animals, dredged most often from depths of 250 to 700 restricted to the western Pacific, while Miopleiona is
ozronmeoerxetemnedtserfsro(mfiga. m20e)a.nBadtehp\trhneotfri2c0a0lKm, tthoe2b0a0t0h\ma,l sktnroicwtned ognelo\grfarpohmicthreangneosrthmeaa\stehranvePacbiefeicn. cTahuesseed rbey-
and thermally, from the 15°C isotherm in low latitudes different centers of origin of the North Pacific Fulgo-
Page 146 THE NAUTILUS, Vol. 106, No. 4
rariinae, or were the results of differing dispersal strat- Kamada, Y. 1962. Tertiary MarineMolluscafromJobanCoal
egies. Other subgenera, such as Musashia and Nippon- Field, Japan. Palaeontological Society of Japan, Special
omelon, were abundant throughout the north Pacific. Paper 8:1-187,
Total species diversity of Fulgorariinae, however, did Kanehara, K. 1937, MioceneshellsfromtheJobanCoal Field.
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