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Portrait of Columbus, [lurchased bySpain in 17H3 from Senor N.Yane/., of Grranada,andpreserved intheNational LibraryatMadrid. •5- New Tork, May 17, 1905. Hon. "William A. Courtenay, LL. D., Newry, South Carolina. Dear Sir: In ansTwer.to ywr nptg; o£ the ,9thJQata.I.enclosfiLherewith a mgmo- rtraunstduymoustwaitlelmefnintd,*s"aatbiosuftacttohrey,"Jatjhneizs pmoertmroarita'nodfuCmolwuansjbupSrie^pwarheidcHbyI Mr. H. M. Lydenberg, of this Library [New Tork Public]. _ ., In 1763 the Spanish Goverrim»snt bought from Senor N. "fanej^|of Granada, four portraits painted on poplar wood and said to be con- temporary and original likenesses of the four subjects, Columbus, LORg de "Vega, Cortez and Quevedo the portaits were beautiful,"but somewhat dilapidated, ail apparently; by the same hand. In this con- nection, it will he recalled at once that when Columbus died Cortez was but a boy, and that Lope and Quevedo were not bom until 50 years after. The (idWEaits were placed in the National .Library;of Madrid where they remain to> this da,3f. The portrait of Columbus resembled the Jovian engraving, a type to whichmay be referred many of his alleged likenesses. This Jovian portrait appeared first 'as a wood cut, in Jovlus's Elogia Virorum Bellica Virtute lUastrlum", the'folio edition, printed at Basel in4575. The "Tanez portrait at this time had the same inscription, namely, "Cristof Columbug Nori Orbis Inuentor", but the figure was distin- guished from that in the JoVlan type by the flowing rqbe with a heavy fur collar. - ' In 1847 "Valentino Carderea made a careful examination of it and described it as follows: • ."The picture is two feet high, painted on poplar-wood board (Cftopo), a wood which was never used by the Spanish artists of that time, though it was much employed-by the Italians. It is the:sa,me size as the Jovian picture; and has. the same epigraph; the painter, besides, was a mannerist, and wielded a weak brush. The fur robe, close-fitting and crossed in front, differs widely from that in all known"pictures; but a Scrupulous examination has conyjnced me tliat it is recent and the work of a modern restorer. It looks like an alteration made a few years ago by inexpert hands." (Apud Ppnce de Leon's "Columbus Gallery", New York, 1893, page 9.) Some thirty years later, about 1875, Carderea proposed that the portrait be restored to its original condition, and this restoration was done by Salvador Martinez Cubells, by which process the present very sa;tlsractory j&ortrait was brought out. It was discovered that|the Legend read, Columbvs LygVr Novi Orbis Reptor. ' isEhxSpcehrotosl,bebluite—vebetchaautsteheoforiitsg*insatlylepaainntdincgolboerlionngg—stonotthetoFltohreenStpianne-, the Altissimo, and may have been painted by one of the disciples of the Bronzlno, undoubtedly In Italy in the sixteenth century. It is certainly one of the oldest known, and by the material, form, featuT%S; dress arH other danditlons, offers great proof of genuirieniess. The authorities for the above statements are Ponce de Leon's "Co- lumbus GalJery",vand the Lives of.Columbus, by John B(^yd Thatcher, Justin,"Winsor, and others. i . ;,,. ,.ui";-., I believe a copy of the portrait we ndW have was made some years ago for General Fairchild, and by him given to the State Historical Society of "Wisconsin. Trusting that this statement may be satisfactory, I remain, > Very respectfully, J. S.'Billings Director. ; ; a*^'^ The Genesis OF South Carolina 1562-1670 Edited, withanIntroduction by HON. WM. A. COURTENAyI LL. D. "Westward the course of empire takes Its way The four iSrst acts already past, A fifth shall close the drama with the day Time's noblest offspring Is the last." PEIVATBIiY PHINTBD BT THE STATE COMPANY, ^ Columbia, S. C. ^ 1907. CONTENTS PAGE Introduction vii — 1562 Admiral Gaspard de Coligny's colony of French Protestants at Port Royal, — South Carolina. The fleet under the command of Captain Jean Ribault; an account of this early settlement, its subsequent abandonment, and the fate of the small remnant left behind, the attempt to reach France in an open boat, their sufferings and tragedy .xvi-xlvii — . 1630 Charles I. of England encouraged and aided a colony of French Protestants to embark for Carolana, but by the igno- rance or treachery of the captain of the vessel the voyage miscarried and the colony was landed in Virginia; being unexpected, they suffered many priva- tions and endured some suffering; the owners of the vessel were held respon- sible and paid heavy penalties for the failure xlviii-lix — 1663 Captain Hilton made a voyage from Bar- badoes, under English influences there, having in view the intended purpose in England to make a permanent settlement in Carolina; the coast was care- fully observed from Cape Fear to Port Royal 1-40 IV PAGE — 1666 A similar voyage was undertaken this year by Captain Sandford, and new observations made, looking to the permanent occupation of Carolina .... 41-84 — 1669-'70 A permanent colony, in three ships, sailed from England via Kingsale, Ire- land, thence for Barbadoes, and after serious adverse experiences the colony finally located on the west side of Ash- ley River, west of the present city of Charleston 85-129 In the same year, under the encourage- ment of Governor Talbot of Maryland, John Lederer undertook an overland journey from James River, Virginia, to Carolina, and reported his experiences to Governor Talbot, who caused the re- port to be printed. It was claimed that Lederer penetrated as- far as the Saluda River in South Carolina, but in recent years Lederer's accounts of his explorations and discoveries have been shown to have been mythical 131-177 ILLUSTRATIONS — 1. Frontispiece the Yanez Portrait of Colum- bus. 2. Ruins of Uxmal, Yucatan, copied from "Les Anciennes Villes du Nouveau Monde". xii . . 3. Memorial of Gaspard de Ooligny, in the wall of L'Eglise d'Oratoire, Paris, erected by popular subscription in France, three cen- turies after his death xvi 4. Port Royal map, showing Charles Fort, built by Ribault colony xxxii 5. Hilton's map of the coast of N. and S. Caro- lina 4 6. Great Seal of the Lords Proprietors 84 7. Portrait of Lord Ashley, Earl of Shaftesbury 92 8. Portrait of John Locke, the philosopher, author of the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina 108 9. Oulpeper's map of Charles Town, 1672 . . . 124 10. Map of Carolina, published in 1672 128 11. John Lederer's map 134 12. Map showing growth of the province, 1711 178 . . INTRODUCTION "There shall come a time in later ages, when ocean shall relax his chains and a vast continent appear, and a pilot shall find new worlds and Thule shall be no more earth's bounds." The art of navigation is as old as civilization, and the practice of it must have begun when bartering com- menced. Its early development in European waters was in the eastern part of the Mediterranean, with open boats, such as Homer mentioned. Vessels of this char- acter could not make a commercial nation like that which throve in Phoenicia. Therefore we find that her ships were large and that they used both sails and oars. More than three thousand years ago the sailors of this little state had passed out of the Mediterranean, had founded Cadiz, and were trafficking along the Atlantic shores of Europe and Africa. The maritime spirit of the Phoenicians descended upon the Carthagenians, the Italians, and the Portu- guese. The last named began that golden age of geo- graphical discovery which characterized the fifteenth century.