Table Of Content

THE GENERA OF DIAPRIINAE (HYMENOPTERA: DIAPRIIDAE) IN THE NEW WORLD LUBOMÍR MASNER Research Associate, Division of Invertebrates, American Museum of Natural History Research Associate, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Branch, K.W. Neatby Building Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0C6 JOSE´ LUIS GARCIÁ R. Curator, Museo del Instituto de Zoologia Agricola ‘‘Dr Francisco Fernańdez Ye´pez’’ Facultad de Agronom´ıa, Universidad Central de Venezuela Apartado 4579, Maracay, 2101-A, Edo. Aragua, Venezuela BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CENTRAL PARK WEST AT 79TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10024 Number 268, 138 pp., 107 figures, 1 table Issued April 18, 2002 Copyright(cid:113)AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory2002 ISSN0003-0090 2 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 268 CONTENTS Abstract ....................................................................... 3 Introduction .................................................................... 3 Authorship and Responsibilities .................................................. 3 Materials ...................................................................... 3 Collection and Preparation of Specimens .......................................... 5 Structure of Keys, Diagnoses, and Descriptions ..................................... 7 Higher Classification and Interrelationships ........................................ 7 Recommended Basic Works ...................................................... 8 Taxonomic List of Diapriinae Genera Described .................................... 8 Distribution .................................................................... 9 Glossary of Terms ............................................................. 12 Key to Diapriinae Genera in the New World ...................................... 15 Clave para la Separacioń de los Geńeros de Diapriinae del Nuevo Mundo ............ 22 Systematics ................................................................... 31 Tribe Psilini Helleń 1963 ....................................................... 31 Tribe Spilomicrini Ashmead 1893 ................................................ 38 Tribe Diapriini Ashmead 1893 ................................................... 60 Unplaced Genera (incertae sedis) ............................................... 113 Abbreviations ................................................................ 120 Acknowledgments ............................................................ 121 References ................................................................... 122 Index ........................................................................ 126 Illustrations .................................................................. 127 2002 MASNER AND GARCIA: NEW WORLD DIAPRIINAE 3 ABSTRACT The subfamily Diapriinae (Diapriidae: Proctotrupoidea) in the New World is reviewed at the supra specific level. Three tribes and 52 genera are recognized. Sixteen new genera are proposed: Apopria (Diapriini), Avoca (Diapriini), Chilomicrus (Spilomicrini), Cruzium (Dia- priini), Doddius (Spilomicrini), Eladio (Diapriini), Epomium (Spilomicrini), Ferrugenus(Spi- lomicrini),Hansona(Diapriini),Leucopria(Diapriini),Mimopriella(Diapriini),Omopria(Dia- priini),Ortona(Psilini),Peckidium(incertaesedis)Psychopria(Diapriini),andTurripria(Dia- priini).Thefollowingnewspeciesaredescribed:Apopriacoveri(cid:47)(USA),Asolenopsiagibba (cid:47) (Costa Rica), Avoca collaris (cid:47) (USA), Chilomicrus pecki (cid:63) (Chile), Cruzium amphorale (cid:47) (Costa Rica), Eladio cruzi (cid:47) (Costa Rica), Epomium cicatrix (cid:47) (Chile), Ferrugenus chi- lensis (cid:47) (Chile), Hansona pauli (cid:47) (Costa Rica), Leucopria cylindricornis (cid:47) (Ecuador, Costa Rica), Omopria brevipalpis (cid:47) (Brazil), Ortona hansoni (cid:47) (Costa Rica), Peckidium enigma- ticum (cid:47) (Antilles, Central and South America, West Africa, Philippines), Psychopria hoguei (cid:63) (Costa Rica), Turripria woldai (cid:47) (Panama). New generic synonymies are proposed: Acan- thopria Ashmead ((cid:53)Adelioneiva Fischer), Asolenopria Kieffer ((cid:53)Euplacopria Ferrie`re), Bru- chopria Kieffer ((cid:53)Aulatopria Bre`thes), Doliopria Kieffer ((cid:53)Martinica Risbec), Megaplasto- pria Ashmead ((cid:53)Xyalopria Kieffer), Notoxoides Ashmead ((cid:53)Psilogasteroides Bre`thes),Pen- tapria Kieffer ((cid:53)Antipapria Fabritius, Bakeria Kieffer, Plutopria Kieffer, Spilomicrinus Og- loblin), Spilomicrus Westwood ((cid:53)Hoplopria Ashmead, Linkiola Kieffer) , Szelenyiopria Fabritius((cid:53)GymnopriaLoiaćono).Newcombinationsareproposed:AulatopriatucumanaBre`- thes to Bruchopria, Bakeria rugosa Dodd to Doddius, Gymnopria lucens Loiacono to Szelen- yiopria, Mimopria pentatoma Borgmeier and Mimopria splendens Borgmeier to Mimopriella, and Xanthopria nitida Brues to Acanthopria. The 52 genera are keyed (keys in both English and Spanish); for each genus the synonymies, diagnoses, descriptions, recognition and relationships, distribution, and biology are given. Twelve plates with 107 figures are included. INTRODUCTION croniches, flourish even in harsh habitats (e.g., pa´ramos of the Andes, barren oceanic The principal purpose of this paper is to islands, and frigid forests of Patagonia), and provide, for the first time, a key to genera of are generally caught in large numbers in all the Diapriinae in the New World. We also types of traps and methods of sampling. present genericdiagnosesanddescriptionsto further assist the users. Brief discussions on AUTHORSHIP AND RESPONSIBILITIES relationships, distribution, and biology of This is a joint project, with all new taxa each genus should build a base for study by to be credited to Masner and Garc´ıa. Also, future students. The Spanish version of the all taxonomic revisions, such as new synon- generic key is intended to spark interest in ymies, new combinations, as well as con- this group by students in Latin America. We cepts of supraspecific taxa reflect the views did not dwell on higher classification or at- of both authors. Jose´ Luis Garc´ıa translated tempt a cladistic analysis. We believe that the key into Spanish. this type of exercise should be conducted on a global scale, i.e., include the Old World MATERIALS taxa. However, our generic concepts are Materials were borrowed from or studied based on phylogenetic principles of shared in the following museums or private collec- derived characters; a discussion of most of tions (in alphabeticalorder,withstandardac- the character statesandtheirpolarizationcan ronyms and curator’s name): be found in Masner and Huggert (1989). AEIC D. B. Wahl: American Entomological It is our earnest belief and hope that this Institute, 3005 SW 56th Ave., Gaines- paper will spotlight Diapriinae wasps as a ville, FL 32608, USA potentialfocusgroupforbiodiversitystudies. AMNH J. Carpenter: Department of Entomol- The surprisingly large extent of the Diapri- ogy Collection, American Museum of inae, its species richness, and its biological Natural History, Central Park West at diversity, are ideal for this purpose. Diapri- 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, ines penetrate many microhabitats and mi- USA 4 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 268 BMNH M. Fitton: Department of Entomology, IZAC J. Genaro: Instituto de Zoologia, Aca- The Natural History Museum, Crom- demia de Ciencias de Cuba, Habana, wellRoad,LondonSW75BD,London, Cuba England LACM J. P. Donahue: Insect Collection, Los CASC W. Pulawski: Department of Entomol- Angeles County Museum of Natural ogy, California Academy of Sciences, History,900ExpositionBlvd.,LosAn- Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, CA geles, CA 90007, USA 94118, USA LEMQ T. A. Wheeler: Lyman Museum, St. CDAE J.Sorensen:CaliforniaStateCollection AnnedeBellevue,QCH9X3M1,Can- of Arthropods, California Department ada ofFood&Agriculture,1220,N.Street, MCZC J. Perkins: Entomology Department, Sacramento, CA 95814, USA MuseumofComparativeZoology,Har- CMNH J. E. Rawlins: Section of Insects and vard University, 26 Oxford St., Cam- Spiders, Carnegie Museum of Natural bridge, MA 02138, USA History, 900 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, MHNS M. Elgueta: Museo Nacional Historia PA 15213, USA Natural, Santiago, Chile CNCI J. Huber: Canadian National Collec- MIUP D. Quintero: Museo de Invertebrados, tion of Insects, Eastern Cereal & Oil- Universidad de Panama, Panama seed Research Centre, Agriculture MIZA J. L. Garc´ıa: Museo de Instituto de Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Can- Zoologia Agricola, Maracay, Venezue- ada la CUCC M. W. Heyn: Department of Entomol- MNHG C. Besuchet: Museum d’Histoire Na- ogy Collection, Clemson University, turelle, Geneva, Switzerland Clemson, SC 29631, USA MNHP F.W.Stehr:DepartmentofEntomology CUIC J.K.LiebherrCornellUniversityInsect Collection, Michigan State University, Collection,DepartmentofEntomology, East Lansing, MI 48824–1115, USA Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, ROME D. C. Darling: Department of Ento- USA mology, Royal Ontario Museum, To- DBUM M. Coulloudon: Collection Entomolo- ronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada gique Ouellet-Robert, De´partementdes SEMC R. W. Brooks: Snow Entomological Sciences Biologiques, Universite´ de Museum, University of Kansas, Montreál, C.P. 6128, Montreál, QC Lawrence, KS 66044, USA H3C 3J7, Canada TAMU J. Oswald: Texas A&M University, DENH D. S. Chandler: University of New College Station, TX 77843, USA Hampshire Insect Collection, Depart- UADE C. E. Carlton: DepartmentofEntomol- ment of Entomology, University of ogyCollection,UniversityofArkansas, New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA USA UAIC F.G.Werner(deceased):Departmentof EMEC J. A. Chemsak: Essig Museum of En- Entomology Collection, University of tomology, Department of Entomologi- Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA cal Sciences, University of California, UBCC G.G.E.Scudder:UniversityofBritish Berkeley, CA 94720, USA Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, FMNH A. F. Newton: Insect Collection, Field Canada Museum of Natural History, Roosevelt UCDC L. S. Kimsey: The Bohart Museum of Road and Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Entomology, University of California, IL 60605, USA Davis, CA 95616, USA FSCA M.C.Thomas:FloridaStateCollection UCMC U. N. Lanham: University of Colorado ofArthropods,DivisionofPlantIndus- Museum, Box 218, Boulder, CO try, P. O. Box 147100, Gainesville, FL 80309, USA 32614, USA UCRC S. Trjapitsyn: UCR Entomological IMLC A.Willink(deceased):InstitutoMiguel Teaching and Research Collection, Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA INBC J. Ugalde: Instituto Nacional de Bio- 92521, USA diversidad,SantoDomingo,CostaRica UGCA C. Smith: Museum of Natural History, INHS L. M. Page: Illinois Natural History Entomology Collection, University of Survey, Insect Collection, 607 E. Pea- Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA body Drive, Champaign, IL 61820, ULQC J. M. Perron: Universite´ de Laval, Ste. USA Foy, QC G1K 7P4, Canada 2002 MASNER AND GARCIA: NEW WORLD DIAPRIINAE 5 USNM D. R. Smith: United States National Screen sweeping (s.s.). Large (50 (cid:51) 40 Entomological Collection, Department cm)sweepingnetonalightweightaluminum of Entomology, US National Museum frame with screen of strong mesh (0.7 cm of Natural History, Washington, DC opening) sewn into the upper part of the net 20560, USA about 20 cm below the net edge will elimi- ZMHB B. Petersen (deceased): Zoologisk Mu- nate most plant debris during sweeping. In- seum, Universitets Copenhagen, Den- mark sects falling through the screen are collected at the bottom of the net, the tip of which is The single major source of material not cut off and closed with vinyl-coated wire, borrowedfromtheinstitutionsabovewasthe and emptied into a plastic bag containing Canadian National Collection (CNCI) in Ot- 70% ethanol. The entire catch is subsequent- tawa, with holdings greater than all other ly rinsed in fresh water and transferred to sources combined. Almost all the CNCI ma- 70% ethanol. This method is by far the most terial isfreshlycollected,withspecimensnot productive, particularly in the early stagesof older than 25 years; over 60 individuals,col- surveying any habitat. leagues, and friends kindly contributed over Large aerial net (‘‘Maxinet’’). For aerial the years by donating specimens. Ten con- sampling, a large (100 cm) circular net on a tributors are truly outstanding because of the lightweightaluminumframe(fourdetachable magnitude and quality of material supplied: parts),withnoadditionalscreenisused.This Stewart B. Peck and Jarmila Kukalova-Peck technique allows collecting immediately af- (Carleton University, Ottawa), Alfred New- terrainandisgenerallysuitableinthetropics ton and Margaret Thayer (FMNH, Chicago), during the rainy season. Aerial sampling is Robert Brooks and J. Steve Ashe (SEMC, Lawrence KS), B. Brown (LACM, Los An- recommended during crepuscule and night- geles), Fred D. Bennett (formerly CIBC, time. The contents are emptied into a plastic Trinidad,W.I.),JohnS.Noyes(BMNH,Lon- bag with 70% ethanol, then rinsedwithfresh don), and Paul Hanson (Universidad de Cos- water and transferred to 70% ethanol. taRica,SanJose´,CostaRica).Extensivecol- Pan trapping (YPT). Yellow plastic pan lections were recently acquired from the fol- traps of various shapes and sizes filled with lowing expeditions: Bolivia (Masner, 1997), brine and a few drops of surfactant will col- Chile (Masner, 1988), Costa Rica (Masner lect numerous species from the ground floor andGoulet,1985;Masner,1986,1995,1996, and the lower levels in many habitats. Pan 1998), Cuba (Masner, 1995), Dominican Re- traps often yield both sexes; hence, proper public (Masner, 1978, 1987, 1990, 1991, sex associations are facilitated for species 1994), Ecuador (Masner and Sharkey,1983), with a high degree of sexual dimorphism. Mexico (Masner, 1993), Venezuela (Masner, Pan traps operated sequentially during the 1981, 1992; Masner and Garc´ıa, 1994). The entire season will also provide valuable data cutoff date for material and data used in this on species frequencies, species replacement, paper was June 1999. duration of flight period, etc. Best resultsare with large numbers (100–200) of smaller COLLECTION AND PREPARATION OF pans in microhabitats, operated over 24–48 SPECIMENS hours. (Brine or other preservatives are not We strongly believe that fieldwork is an needed.)Inlongtermsampling(morethan48 integral part of any biosystematic study. hrs)highsalinityisrequiredforpreservation, Field experience and fresh materialcollected and thorough rinsing in water before storage and prepared by the taxonomist cannot be in alcohol is imperative. substituted by outside loans, no matter how Interception trap (FIT) (Masner and extensive or diverse the materials may be. Goulet, 1981). This is actually a version of Collecting and its techniques should help us the pan trap with a flight barrier. A sheet of penetrate all niches and levels of insect life. black (or dark green) densemesh polyester It is only natural that in these days of high fabric (120 (cid:51) 150 cm) treated with pyre- technologywestrivetoadvancethetoolsand throid (e.g., Ambush) and set over a large techniques that were initiated 200 years ago. trough of yellow plastic filled with brine and 6 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 268 surfactant is used primarily for intercepting tube suspended over a container with water low- and slow-flying insects. and detergent is placed inside a cage with Photoeclector. A collecting device based wire mesh or netting with 5 mm openings to on positive phototropism of most insects. eliminate masses of large nocturnal insects. Swept material is placed in a dark box with The sleeve on the tube is treated with pyre- an escape passage into a smaller light box throid. This type of trapping eliminatesmost attached toit.Screensonthesideofthelight of the nontarget biomass and requiresnoser- box are treated with pyrethroid; insects drop vicing during nighttime. The best results are to a container filled with brine. For better in areas of high incidence and diversity of portability in the field the photoeclector army ants, generally lowland tropical areas. could be designed as a backpack. The pho- Ant nests. Diapriinewasps,particularlyin toeclector, vastly superior for collectinglarg- the Nearctic region, can becollectedindivid- er members of the Hymenoptera, e.g., saw- ually on the underside of rocks covering ant fliesand aculeates,hassomewhatlimiteduse nests. Morning hours seem best with regard for diapriine wasps. to optimal temperatures of the rock. Myr- Car net (Peck and Cook, 1992). Two mecophilic diapriines of Central and South conesoffabricnets(100(cid:51)100cm)installed America may be collected individually (e.g., on a metal frame and placed in front of the from raids) as well as in groups (e.g., emi- car bumper, approximately 30 cm above gration columns of army ants). ground, will collectcleanmaterial.Apicesof Emergence traps. A pyramidal cage of the nets are treated with pyrethroid and the dense mesh fabric is suspended over target material is emptied by a cordless vacuum microhabitats or a pile of organic material cleaner. This method will allow the surveil- (duff, fungi, presifted litter, wood stumps); lanceofalargeareainarelativelyshorttime composts with decaying plant materials are any time of the day or night. particularly productive for diapriine wasps. Malaise trap (MT). A modified Townes’ The top of the pyramid is treated with py- version (Townes, 1972) of the Malaise trap rethroid. A large plastic container filled with is generally useful for large, fasterflying water and detergent is placed on top of the members of the Diapriinae (even better for pile directly below the top of the pyramid. Belytinae). The plastic head is replaced by a Sifting. Sifted organic matter (duff, rotted screened compartment and insects are col- wood, kelp, etc.) is spread on white plastic lected below in a plastic bag (Whirl-Pak) sheets, and specimens are collected in aspi- filled with 70% ethanol. The screen of the rators. Larger amounts of sifted material can head compartment is treated with pyrethroid be placedinBerleseapparatusorxereclector. and the top covered by a transparent rainde- Some of the above techniques, screen flector. For long-term trapping, with long in- sweeping in particular, will result in an un- tervals in servicing, a plastictube isattached usually high number of specimens being below the screened compartment, ending in caught. For rapid retrieval of target groups a large underground container. Propylene the following tools and procedures were de- glycol is recommended as a preservative. veloped and used successfully. To prevent Separation bag (Masner and Gibson, coagulationofproteinsaroundthemouthand 1979). We used this tool primarily for sam- anus in specimens from traps filled with pling newly explored habitats prior to use of brine, the material must be thoroughly yet other mass-collecting tools (e.g., screen gently rinsed in fresh water prior to storage sweeping). It remains useful for quick eval- in alcohol. Clean material is then segregated uations of collecting sites. into three fractions by using sorting sifters Beating sheet. A modification of thestan- made of wire mesh (0.5 cm, 0.3 cm, and 0.1 dard beating sheet with a screen(5mmopen- cm). The material is successfully rinsed-sift- ings) and a narrow terminal sleeve is prac- ed in 70% ethyl-alcohol through each of the tical for surveying spiny bushes (e.g., haw- three sifters (0.5 cmfi 0.3 cmfi 0.1 cm); mi- thorns, acacia, or roses), especially in desert crohymenoptera will remain almost entirely habitats. in the finest fraction. The fractions are sub- Light trap (with excluder). A blacklight sequently examined under a stereomicro- 2002 MASNER AND GARCIA: NEW WORLD DIAPRIINAE 7 scope (40(cid:51)) in a rectangular sorting dish, ingcharacterstatesrequiringdissection,slide longitudinally divided into six columns by making or use of expensive technology(e.g., raised ridges. The targetculled specimensare SEM) not currently available in some coun- briefly rinsed in a special strong detergent tries. We also minimized the use of subjec- (e.g.,Cascade)toremoveoilysubstancesand tive expressions (e.g., ‘‘usually’’, ‘‘often’’, dirt accumulated on the body, the hairyparts ‘‘rarely’’, etc.); however, in both the diag- in particular. Clean specimens are either fur- noses and descriptions the use of such ex- ther processed, mounted directly from alco- pressions is unavoidable, if not desirable, in hol, or stored in 70% ethanol in a dark, re- order to express the frequency of a given frigerated area. characterstateinagivengenus.Complicated Theaspectsofcleanspecimensandproper couplets (e.g., conditional states) were also mounting cannot be overemphasized.Infact, avoided; when necessary, a large polytypic the importance of properly prepared speci- genus was split into uniform groups and pre- mensissecondonlytotheavailabilityofma- sented severaltimesinthekey.Thestructure terial per se. Recognition of closely related of the key does not reflect the putative rela- species often depends on minute details of tionships among the genera. It reflects the microsculpture and pilosity. Even a small taxonomic limits of New World diapriine amount of dirt or a film of oil on minute genera; consequently, we do not recommend wasps can obscure relevant structures and the use of the key outside the New World. hinderthetaxonomist’sdecision.Drymount- The generic diagnosis attempts to give a ing on points is strongly preferred to mount- brief, salient portrait of a given genus. Ele- ing on rectangular cards. The latter method ments of diagnosis are then repeated in the better protects the specimen, but makes ex- generic description, with details of the amination of particular areas of the body, known spectrum of character states. The ge- such as the venter, difficult. Making slides is neric description is at first centered around necessary for detailed examination of geni- the main core of the genus, then, continuing talia, palpal and tibial formulae, antennal centrifugally toward peripheral species, in- sensilla, and microtrichia on the wings. cludes all undescribed species studied by us. Consideringtheminutebodysizeofatyp- Internalgroupings(speciesgroups)ofthege- ical diapriine wasp, only high quality stereo- nus may be further discussed in the Recog- microscopes using the highest magnification available (ca. 160(cid:51)) are recommended. A nition and Relationships section. The sec- tions on Distribution and Biologyareintend- strong source of light in combination with a ed to give principal information without properly operated light disperser (Mylar) is claiming to be complete references. indispensable for creating a clear, glare-free image. The ever increasing use of scanning electron microscopes (SEM) for the study of HIGHER CLASSIFICATION AND microsculpture is essential in diapriine tax- INTERRELATIONSHIPS onomy.ForbestresultsinSEMphotography, gold coating specimens with a gold sputter The Diapriinae is one of the four subfam- and back-scattering device is highly recom- iliesoftheDiapriidae(Masner,1976;Masner mended. Instant (Polaroid) SEM prints can in Goulet and Huber, 1993). It is the most be used for examination of ultrastructuresas advanced of the above four subfamilies, wellasforsubsequenttracingsforlinedraw- characterized by morphological reductions, ings. especially in the wing venation and structure of the antenna. However, from the cladistic point of view, the Diapriinae appear, at least STRUCTURE OF KEYS, DIAGNOSES, by our present knowledge, as a paraphyletic AND DESCRIPTIONS group. Whereas all three subfamilies, Bely- We prepared a key using simple, noneso- tinae, Ambositrinae, and Ismarinae,caneach teric terms; all morphological terms are de- be defined by at least one synapomorphy, fined in the Glossary (p. 12–15), and most Diapriinaecanbeseparatedstrictlyonsimple of them are also illustrated. We avoided us- morphological reductions; therefore, the 8 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 268 proper cladistic evaluation of the Diapriinae on the side of the pronotum. The members remains a challenge for future taxonomists. oftheSpilomicriniandtheDiapriiniallshare The classification of the Diapriinaeattrib- large syntergite 2 of the metasoma, with T2 al level has received little attention, espe- and T3 fused. The Spilomicrini are charac- cially in the New World. Ashmead (1893) terized by the length of the submarginalvein proposed two tribes: Spilomicrini and Dia- togetherwiththemarginalveinreachingwell priini. Regrettably, the concepts of thesetwo past the basal third of the forewing, and the tribeswerehighlyheterogeneous,andweuse presence (ground plan) of the notauli. The the two names in considerably restricted Diapriini are the most derived of all tribes; sense. Outside North Americathetribalclas- the short submarginal vein closely approxi- sification of the Diapriinae was attemptedby mated to anterior margin of forewing, the Helleń (1963) and Kozlov (1978). We rec- lack of notauli, and the ground plan of an- ognize Helleń’s tribe Psilini, but treat his tennal formula (12–14) are theprincipalsyn- tribeParamesiiniasajuniorsynonymofSpi- apomorphies. lomicriniAshmead1893.Kozlov’sfivetribes contain the three tribes of Helleń plus two RECOMMENDED BASIC WORKS newtribesnotrepresentedintheNewWorld. Several major publications are essential This paper is not aimed at a higher (su- for taxonomic study of the New World Dia- prageneric) classification of Diapriinae. For priinae. Johnson’s (1992) catalog lists all convenience we accepted three tribes pro- species of the world. De Santis cataloged posedpreviously,i.e.,thePsilini,theSpilom- diapriines of Argentina (1967) and Brazil icrini, and the Diapriini, to accommodatethe (1980). Masner(inHansonandGauld,1995) 52 genera that are presently recognized. treated the Diapriinae of Costa Rica. Mue- Three genera, Caecopria Masner, Calogale- sebeck and Walkley (1956) list type species sus Kieffer, and Peckidium, new genus, are of diapriine genera. Masner and Muesebeck treated as incertae sedis because they obvi- (1968) provide information on primarytypes ously do not belong to any of the three rec- of diapriine wasps in the USNM. Kieffer’s ognized tribes. In our opinion they represent (1916) treatise of the world Diapriidae re- three independent tribes; similarly, the gen- mains the only key to the world taxa. Ash- eraBasalysWestwoodandDoliopriaKieffer, mead’s (1893) monograph of North Ameri- presently included in the Diapriini, in our can proctrupoid wasps is largelyofhistorical opinionrepresentanindependenttribe.How- value. ever, the formal reclassification of the Dia- priinae at tribal level isbestdeferreduntilall genera of the world are taken into consider- TAXONOMIC LIST OF DIAPRIINAE ation. Finally, we call attention to the fact GENERA DESCRIBED that two genera traditionally placed in the TRIBE PSILINI Diapriinae—Aneurhynchus Westwood and Aneuropria Kieffer Labolips Haliday—are not included in the Coptera Say Diapriinae; Masner (in Goulet and Huber, Ortona, new genus 1993) pointed out that both belong to the Psilus Panzer subfamily Belytinae because of the longitu- dinal grooves on S2 of the metasoma. TRIBE SPILOMICRINI Two main lineages may be recognized Bruchopria Kieffer withintheDiapriinae:thePsiliniandtheSpi- Chilomicrus, new genus lomicrini plus Diapriini. The Psilini retain Doddius, new genus themacrotergite2(T2only)ofthemetasoma Entomacis Foerster and exposed sclerotized labrum, synapomor- Epomium, new genus phieswiththeBelytinae,usedhereasanout- Ferrugenus, new genus group for all other Diapriinae. The synapo- Idiotypa Foerster morphies for the Psilini are the type of wing Paramesius Westwood venation (submarginal vein not reaching for- Pentapria Kieffer emargin) and the long, spikelike spiracle 1 Poecilopsilus Ogloblin 2002 MASNER AND GARCIA: NEW WORLD DIAPRIINAE 9 Spilomicrus Westwood Vast areas of the hemisphere remain insuffi- Xenismarus Ogloblin ciently explored or totally untouched. Even the presumed centers of diapriine diversity TRIBE DIAPRIINI (e.g., Valdivian/Patagonian subregion, High Acanthopria Ashmead Andes) are barely in the initial stage of ex- Apopria, new genus ploration. Faunal exploration of the New Asolenopsia Kieffer World can progress on two fronts. One is in Auxopaedeutes Brues the use of versatile tools of mass collecting Avoca, new genus (e.g., Malaise trap, large numbers of yellow Basalys Westwood pan traps, flight interception trap, screen Bruesopria Wing sweeping,carnet),especiallyinareasofpre- Cruzium, new genus sumed species diversity of diapriine wasps. Diapria Latreille The other way to progress is in focusing on Doliopria Kieffer specific microhabitats that cannot be effec- Ecitovagus Masner tively sampled by conventional collecting Eladio, new genus techniques. Two special microhabitats that Hansona, new genus appear to be particularly rich for diapriine Labidopria Wasmann wasps throughout the entire Neotropical re- Leucopria, new genus gion are ant nests and aquatic or semiaquatic Megaplastopria Ashmead habitats. Unusually large numbers of diapri- Mimopria Holmgren ine wasps became associated with various Mimopriella, new genus groupsofantsinCentralandSouthAmerica. Mitropria Ogloblin The associations are especially well devel- Monelata Foerster oped with army ants (Ecitonini) and leafcut- Myrmecopria Ashmead ting ants (Attini), with some 20 genera of Neivapria Borgmeier Diapriinae already involved. Modified light Notoxoides Ashmead traps with net excluders (see Collection and Omopria, new genus Preparation of Specimens, p. 6) are a major Philolestoides Ferrie`re source of field data. Diapriine wasps in Platymischus Westwood aquatic or semiaquatic microhabitats are vir- Psychopria, new genus tually unstudied; the genus Psychopria de- Szelenyiopria Fabritius scribed in this paper with only one speciesis Szelenyisca Masner now represented in CNCI by an additional Townesella Huggert and Masner 20 undescribed species. All Psychopria spe- Trichopria Ashmead cies were collected by yellow pan traps Turripria, new genus placed directly in the stream beds, while no Xanthopria Brues individuals were ever collected in Malaise UNPLACED GENERA (incertae sedis) traps placed along the same streams. Caecopria Masner Of the 52 genera of New World Diapri- Calogalesus Kieffer inae, 26 occur in Nearctic and 45 in Neo- Peckidium, new genus tropical regions, respectively; nineteen genera, almost all speciose, are shared by the above two geographic regions. However, at DISTRIBUTION (table 1) the species level, even withverypreliminary The geographic area covered in this paper data available, the Neotropical fauna is infi- encompassestheentireNewWorld,i.e.,both nitely richer than that of America north of the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. In Mexico. more vernacular terms, the New World means the Canadian Arcticand Alaskadown NEARCTIC REGION tothePatagoniansubregioninArgentinaand Chile. We are well aware of the enormity of The26generaofNearcticNorthAmerican this task, and therefore present this treatise Diapriinae can be divided by theirgeograph- only as a prologue for future exploration. ic relationships into three categories:Holarc- 10 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 268 TABLE1 New World Distribution of Diapriinae Genera