Table Of Content

tphtp_v2 10/13/03 10:45 AM Page 1 GALE The ENCYCLOPEDIA Science of THIRD EDITION tphtp_v2 10/13/03 10:45 AM Page 2 tphtp_v2 10/13/03 10:45 AM Page 3 GALE The ENCYCLOPEDIA Science of THIRD EDITION VOLUME 2 Charge-coupled device - Eye K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, Editors Gale Encyclopedia of Science, Third Edition K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, Editors Project Editor Indexing Services Product Design Kimberley A. McGrath Synapse Michelle DiMercurio Editorial Permissions Manufacturing Deirdre S. Blanchfield, Chris Jeryan, Jacqueline Shalice Shah-Caldwell Wendy Blurton, Evi Seoud Longe, Mark Springer Imaging and Multimedia Editorial Support Services Leitha Etheridge-Sims, Lezlie Light, Dave Andrea Lopeman Oblender, Christine O’Brien, Robyn V. Young © 2004 by Gale. 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The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no pay- Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 ment for listing; and inclusion in the publica- Or you can visit our Internet site at Permissions Department tion of any organization, agency, institution, http://www.gale.com The Gale Group, Inc. publication, service, or individual does not 27500 Drake Rd. imply endorsement of the editors or the pub- ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Farmington Hills, MI 48331-3535 lisher. Errors brought to the attention of the No part of this work covered by the copyright Permissions Hotline: publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the hereon may be reproduced or used in any form 248-699-8006 or 800-877-4253; ext. 8006 publisher will be corrected in future editions. or by any means—graphic, electronic, or me- Fax: 248-699-8074 or 800-762-4058 chanical, including photocopying, recording, LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Gale encyclopedia of science / K. Lee Lerner & Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, editors.— 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-7876-7554-7 (set) — ISBN 0-7876-7555-5 (v. 1) — ISBN 0-7876-7556-3 (v. 2) — ISBN 0-7876-7557-1 (v. 3) — ISBN 0-7876-7558-X (v. 4) — ISBN 0-7876-7559-8 (v. 5) — ISBN 0-7876-7560-1 (v. 6) 1. Science—Encyclopedias. I. Lerner, K. Lee. II. Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth. Q121.G37 2004 503—dc22 2003015731 This title is also available as an e-book. ISBN: 0-7876-7776-0 (set) Contact your Gale sales representative for ordering information. Printed in Canada 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Disclaimer: Some images contained in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the eBook. CONTENTS Topic List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Organization of the Encyclopedia. . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii Advisory Board. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix Contributors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi Entries Volume 1 (Aardvark–Chaos). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1–818 Volume 2 (Charge-coupled device–Eye). . . . . 819–1572 Volume 3 (Factor–Kuru) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1573–2254 Volume 4 (Lacewings–Pharmacogenetics) . . 2255–3036 Volume 5 (Pheasants–Star). . . . . . . . . . . . 3037–3800 Volume 6 (Star cluster–Zooplankton) . . . . . 3801–4378 General Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4379–4495 GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 v This page intentionally left blank TOPIC LIST Adrenals Alluvial systems A Aerobic Alpha particle Aerodynamics Alternative energy sources Aardvark Aerosols Alternative medicine Abacus Africa Altruism Abrasives Age of the universe Aluminum Abscess Agent Orange Aluminum hydroxide Absolute zero Aging and death Alzheimer disease Abyssal plain Agouti Amaranth family (Amaranthaceae) Acceleration Agricultural machines Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae) Accelerators Agrochemicals American Standard Code for Accretion disk Agronomy Information Interchange Accuracy AIDS Ames test Acetic acid AIDS therapies and vaccines Amicable numbers Acetone Air masses and fronts Amides Acetylcholine Air pollution Amino acid Acetylsalicylic acid Aircraft Ammonia Acid rain Airship Ammonification Acids and bases Albatrosses Amnesia Acne Albedo Amniocentesis Acorn worm Albinism Amoeba Acoustics Alchemy Amphetamines Actinides Alcohol Amphibians Action potential Alcoholism Amplifier Activated complex Aldehydes Amputation Active galactic nuclei Algae Anabolism Acupressure Algebra Anaerobic Acupuncture Algorithm Analemma ADA (adenosine deaminase) deficiency Alkali metals Analgesia Adaptation Alkaline earth metals Analog signals and digital signals Addiction Alkaloid Analytic geometry Addison’s disease Alkyl group Anaphylaxis Addition Alleles Anatomy Adenosine diphosphate Allergy Anatomy,comparative Adenosine triphosphate Allotrope Anchovy Adhesive Alloy Anemia GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 vii t Anesthesia Arc Atmospheric temperature s c Li Aneurism ARC LAMP Atomic clock pi Angelfish Archaebacteria Atomic models o T Angiography Archaeoastronomy Atomic number Angiosperm Archaeogenetics Atomic spectroscopy Angle Archaeology Atomic theory Anglerfish Archaeometallurgy Atomic weight Animal Archaeometry Atoms Animal breeding Archeological mapping Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Animal cancer tests Archeological sites disorder (ADHD) Anion Arithmetic Auks Anode Armadillos Australia Anoles Arrow worms Autism Ant-pipits Arrowgrass Autoimmune disorders Antarctica Arrowroot Automatic pilot Antbirds and gnat-eaters Arteries Automation Anteaters Arteriosclerosis Automobile Antelopes and gazelles Arthritis Autotroph Antenna Arthropods Avogadro’s number Anthrax Arthroscopic surgery Aye-ayes Anthropocentrism Artifacts and artifact classification Anti-inflammatory agents Artificial fibers Antibiotics Artificial heart and heart valve Antibody and antigen Artificial intelligence B Anticoagulants Artificial vision Babblers Anticonvulsants Arum family (Araceae) Baboons Antidepressant drugs Asbestos Bacteria Antihelmintics Asexual reproduction Bacteriophage Antihistamines Asia Antimatter Assembly line Badgers Antimetabolites Asses Ball bearing Antioxidants Associative property Ballistic missiles Antiparticle Asteroid 2002AA29 Ballistics Antipsychotic drugs Asthenosphere Balloon Antisepsis Asthma Banana Antlions Astrobiology Bandicoots Ants Astroblemes Bar code Anxiety Astrolabe Barberry Apes Astrometry Barbets Apgar score Astronomical unit Barbiturates Aphasia Astronomy Bariatrics Aphids Astrophysics Barium Approximation Atmosphere,composition and Barium sulfate Apraxia structure Bark Aqueduct Atmosphere observation Barley Aquifer Atmospheric circulation Barnacles Arachnids Atmospheric optical phenomena Barometer Arapaima Atmospheric pressure Barracuda viii GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 Barrier islands Bioremediation Bridges T o Basin Biosphere Bristletails pic Bass Biosphere Project Brittle star L is Basswood Biotechnology Bromeliad family (Bromeliaceae) t Bathysphere Bioterrorism Bronchitis Bats Birch family (Betulaceae) Brown dwarf Battery Birds Brownian motion Beach nourishment Birds of paradise Brucellosis Beardworms Birds of prey Bryophyte Bears Birth Bubonic plague Beavers Birth defects Buckminsterfullerene Bedrock Bison Buckthorn Bee-eaters Bitterns Buckwheat Beech family (Fagaceae) Bivalves Buds and budding Bees BL Lacertae object Buffer Beet Black hole Building design/architecture Beetles Blackbirds Bulbuls Begonia Blackbody radiation Bunsen burner Behavior Bleach Buoyancy,principle of Bennettites Blennies Buret Benzene Blindness and visual impairments Burn Benzoic acid Blindsnakes Bustards Bernoulli’s principle Blood Buttercup Beta-blockers Blood gas analysis Butterflies Big bang theory Blood supply Butterfly fish Binary star Blotting analysis Butyl group Binocular Blue revolution (aquaculture) Butylated hydroxyanisole Binomial theorem Bluebirds Butylated hydroxytoluene Bioaccumulation Boarfish Buzzards Bioassay Boas Biochemical oxygen demand Bohr Model Biochemistry Boiling point Biodegradable substances Bond energy C Biodiversity Bony fish Bioenergy Boobies and gannets Cactus Biofeedback Boolean algebra CAD/CAM/CIM Biofilms Boric acid Caddisflies Bioinformatics and computational Botany Caecilians biology Botulism Caffeine Biological community Bowen’s reaction series Caisson Biological rhythms Bowerbirds Calcium Biological warfare Bowfin Calcium carbonate Biology Boxfish Calcium oxide Bioluminescence Brachiopods Calcium propionate Biomagnification Brackish Calcium sulfate Biomass Brain Calculator Biome Brewing Calculus Biophysics Brick Calendars GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 ix t Calibration Catfish Chinchilla s c Li Caliper Catheters Chipmunks pi Calorie Cathode Chitons o T Calorimetry Cathode ray tube Chlordane Camels Cation Chlorinated hydrocarbons Canal Cats Chlorination Cancel Cattails Chlorine Cancer Cattle family (Bovidae) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Canines Cauterization Chloroform Cantilever Cave Chlorophyll Capacitance Cave fish Chloroplast Capacitor Celestial coordinates Cholera Capillaries Celestial mechanics Cholesterol Capillary action Celestial sphere:The apparent Chordates Caprimulgids motions of the Sun,Moon, Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) Captive breeding and planets,and stars Chromatin reintroduction Cell Chromatography Capuchins Cell death Chromosomal abnormalities Capybaras Cell division Chromosome Carbohydrate Cell,electrochemical Chromosome mapping Carbon Cell membrane transport Cicadas Carbon cycle Cell staining Cigarette smoke Carbon dioxide Cellular respiration Circle Carbon monoxide Cellular telephone Circulatory system Carbon tetrachloride Cellulose Circumscribed and inscribed Carbonyl group Centipedes Cirrhosis Carboxyl group Centrifuge Citric acid Carboxylic acids Ceramics Citrus trees Carcinogen Cerenkov effect Civets Cardiac cycle Cetaceans Climax (ecological) Cardinal number Chachalacas Clingfish Cardinals and grosbeaks Chameleons Clone and cloning Caribou Chaos Closed curves Carnivore Charge-coupled device Closure property Carnivorous plants Chelate Clouds Carp Chemical bond Club mosses Carpal tunnel syndrome Chemical evolution Coal Carrier (genetics) Chemical oxygen demand Coast and beach Carrot family (Apiaceae) Chemical reactions Coatis Carrying capacity Chemical warfare Coca Cartesian coordinate plane Chemistry Cocaine Cartilaginous fish Chemoreception Cockatoos Cartography Chestnut Cockroaches Cashew family (Anacardiaceae) Chi-square test Codeine Cassini Spacecraft Chickenpox Codfishes Catabolism Childhood diseases Codons Catalyst and catalysis Chimaeras Coefficient Catastrophism Chimpanzees Coelacanth x GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3