The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine

4505 Pages·2006·61.38 MB·English

by  Gale Group

GALE
The
ENCYCLOPEDIA of
M
EDICINE
THIRD EDITION
GALE
The
ENCYCLOPEDIA of
M
EDICINE
THIRD EDITION
(cid:129)
VOLUME
1
A-B
JACQUELINE L. LONGE, PROJECT EDITOR
GALE
The
ENCYCLOPEDIA of
M
EDICINE
THIRD EDITION
(cid:129)
VOLUME
2
C-F
JACQUELINE L. LONGE, PROJECT EDITOR
GALE
The
ENCYCLOPEDIA of
M
EDICINE
THIRD EDITION
(cid:129)
VOLUME
3
G-M
JACQUELINE L. LONGE, PROJECT EDITOR
GALE
The
ENCYCLOPEDIA of
M
EDICINE
THIRD EDITION
(cid:129)
VOLUME
4
N-S
JACQUELINE L. LONGE, PROJECT EDITOR
GALE
The
ENCYCLOPEDIA of
M
EDICINE
THIRD EDITION
(cid:129)
VOLUME
5
T-Z
ORGANIZATIONS
GENERAL INDEX
JACQUELINE L. LONGE, PROJECT EDITOR
THEGALEENCYCLOPEDIAOFMEDICINE,THIRDEDITION
ProjectEditor RightsAcquisitionManagement CompositionandElectronicPrepress
JacquelineL.Longe ShaliceCaldwell-Shah EviSeoud,MaryBethTrimper
Editorial Imaging Manufacturing
ShirellePhelps,LaurieFundukian,Jeffrey RandyBassett,LezlieLight,DanNewell, WendyBlurton,DorothyMaki
Lehman,BrighamNarins ChristineO’Bryan,RobynV.Young
Indexing
EditorialSupportServices ProductDesign Factiva
LuannBrennan,GrantEldridge,AndreaLopeman TraceyRowens
ª2006ThomsonGale,apartofTheThomson Thispublicationisacreativeworkfullypro- Sincethispagecannotlegiblyaccommodateall
Corporation. tectedbyallapplicablecopyrightlaws,aswell copyrightnotices,theacknowledgmentscon-
asbymisappropriation,tradesecret,unfair stituteanextensionofthecopyrightnotice.
ThomsonandStarLogoaretrademarksand
condition,andotherapplicablelaws.The
Galeisaregisteredtrademarkusedherein Whileeveryefforthasbeenmadetoensure
authorsandeditorsofthisworkhaveadded
underlicense. thereliabilityoftheinformationpresentedin
valuetotheunderlyingfactualmaterialherein
thispublication,ThomsonGaledoesnot
Formoreinformation,contact throughoneormoreofthefollowing:coordi-
guaranteetheaccuracyofthedatacontained
TheGaleGroup,Inc. nation,expression,arrangement,andclassifi-
herein.ThomsonGaleacceptsnopaymentfor
27500DrakeRd. cationoftheinformation.
listing;andinclusioninthepublicationofany
FarmingtonHills,MI48331-3535
Forpermissiontousematerialfromthispro- organization,agency,institution,publication,
OryoucanvisitourInternetsiteat
duct,submityourrequestviathewebathttp:// service,orindividualdoesnotimplyendorse-
http://www.gale.com
www.gale-edit.com/permissionoryoumay mentoftheeditorsorpublisher.Errorsbrought
downloadourPermissionsRequestformand totheattentionofthepublisherandverifiedto
ALLRIGHTSRESERVED
submityourrequestbyfaxofmailto: thesatisfactionofthepublisherwillbecor-
Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythecopyright
rectedinfutureeditions.
hereonmaybereproducedorusedinany Permissions
formorbyanymeans—graphic,electronic,or ThomsonGale
mechanical,includingphotocopying,record- 27500DrakeRd.
ing,taping,Webdistribution,orinformation FarmingtonHills,MI48331-3535
storageretrievalsystems—withoutthewritten PermissionsHotline:
permissionofthepublisher. 248-699-8006or800-877-4253,ext.8006
Fax:[phone]or800-762-4058
LIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATIONDATA
TheGaleencyclopediaofmedicine/JacquelineL.Longe,editor.–3rded.
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN1-4144-0368-2(sethardcover:alk.paper)–ISBN1-4144-0369-0(v.1:hardcover
:alk.paper)–ISBN1-4144-0370-4(v.2:hardcover:alk.paper)–ISBN1-4144-0371-2
v.3:hardcover:alk.paper)–ISBN1-4144-0372-0(v.4:hardcover:alk.paper)–
ISBN1-4144-0373-9(v.5:hardcover:alk.paper)
1. Internalmedicine–Encyclopedias.
[DNLM:1. InternalMedicine–Encyclopedias–English.2. ComplementaryTherapies–
Encyclopedias–English. WB13G1512005] I.Title:Encyclopediaofmedicine.II.Longe,
JacquelineL.III.GaleGroup.
RC41.G352006
616’.003–dc22
2005011418
Thistitleisalsoavailableasane-book
ISBN1-4144-0485-9 (set)
ContactyourGalesalesrepresentativefororderinginformation.
ISBN1-4144-0368-2(set)
1-4144-0369-0(Vol.1)
1-4144-0370-4(Vol.2)
1-4144-0371-2(Vol.3)
1-4144-0372-0(Vol.4)
1-4144-0373-9(Vol.5)
PrintedinChina
10987654321
CONTENTS
List of Entries vii
............................................
Introduction xxi
..............................................
Advisory Board xxiii
.......................................
Contributors xxv
............................................
Entries
Volume1:A-B............................................1
Volume2:C-F.........................................693
Volume3:G-M......................................1533
Volume4:N-S.......................................2569
Volume5:T-Z.......................................3621
Organizations 4037
.........................................
General Index 4061
........................................
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE V
LIST OF ENTRIES
Agoraphobia Analgesics
A AIDStests Anaphylaxis
AIDS Anemias
Abdominalultrasound
Alanineaminotransferasetest Anesthesia,general
Abdominalwalldefects
Albinism Anesthesia,local
Abortion,partialbirth
Alcoholism Aneurysmectomy
Abortion,selective
Alcohol-relatedneurologicdisease Angina
Abortion,therapeutic
Aldolasetest Angiography
Abscessincision&drainage
Aldosteroneassay Angioplasty
Abscess
Alemtuzumab Angiotensin-convertingenzyme
Abuse Alexandertechnique inhibitors
Acetaminophen Alkalinephosphatasetest Angiotensin-convertingenzyme
Achalasia test
Allergicbronchopulmonary
Achondroplasia aspergillosis Animalbiteinfections
Acidphosphatasetest Allergicpurpura Ankylosingspondylitis
Acne Allergicrhinitis Anorectaldisorders
Acousticneuroma Allergies Anorexianervosa
Acrocyanosis Allergytests Anoscopy
Acromegalyandgigantism Alopecia Anosmia
Actinomycosis Alpha -adrenergicblockers Anoxia
1
Acupressure Alpha-fetoproteintest Antacids
Acupuncture Alportsyndrome Antenataltesting
Acutekidneyfailure Altitudesickness Antepartumtesting
Acutelymphangitis Alzheimer’sdisease Anthrax
Acutepoststreptococcal Amblyopia Antiacnedrugs
glomerulonephritis Amebiasis Antiandrogendrugs
Acutestressdisorder Amenorrhea Antianemiadrugs
Addiction Aminoaciddisordersscreening Antianginadrugs
Addison’sdisease Aminoglycosides Antiangiogenictherapy
Adenoidhyperplasia Amnesia Antianxietydrugs
Adenovirusinfections Amniocentesis Antiarrhythmicdrugs
Adhesions Amputation Antiasthmaticdrugs
Adjustmentdisorders Amylasetests Antibiotic-associatedcolitis
Adrenalglandcancer Amyloidosis Antibiotics,ophthalmic
Adrenalglandscan Amyotrophiclateralsclerosis Antibiotics,topical
Adrenalvirilism Anabolicsteroiduse Antibiotics
Adrenalectomy Anaerobicinfections Anticancerdrugs
Adrenocorticotropichormonetest Analatresia Anticoagulantandantiplatelet
Adrenoleukodystrophy Analcancer drugs
Adultrespiratorydistresssyndrome Analwarts Anticonvulsantdrugs
Aging Analgesics,opioid Antidepressantdrugs,SSRI
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF MEDICINE vii