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The Galapagos: A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences PDF

445 Pages·2014·23.06 MB·English
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Geophysical Monograph Series Including IUGG Volumes Maurice Ewing Volumes Mineral Physics Volumes Geophysical Monograph Series 168 Earth’s Deep Water Cycle Steven D. Jacobsen and 186 Amazonia and Global Change Michael Keller, Mercedes Suzan van der Lee (Eds.) Bustamante, John Gash, and Pedro Silva Dias (Eds.) 169 Magnetospheric ULF Waves: Synthesis and 187 Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Processes Corinne New Directions Kazue Takahashi, Peter J. Chi, Le Quèrè and Eric S. Saltzman (Eds.) Richard E. Denton, and Robert L. Lysak (Eds.) 188 Diversity of Hydrothermal Systems on Slow Spreading 170 Earthquakes: Radiated Energy and the Physics of Ocean Ridges Peter A. Rona, Colin W. Devey, Jérôme Faulting Rachel Abercrombie, Art McGarr, Hiroo Dyment, and Bramley J. Murton (Eds.) Kanamori, and Giulio Di Toro (Eds.) 189 Climate Dynamics: Why Does Climate Vary? De-Zheng 171 Subsurface Hydrology: Data Integration for Properties Sun and Frank Bryan (Eds.) and Processes David W. Hyndman, Frederick 190 The Stratosphere: Dynamics, Transport, D. Day-Lewis, and Kamini Singha (Eds.) and Chemistry L. M. Polvani, A. H. Sobel, and 172 Volcanism and Subduction: The Kamchatka Region D. W. Waugh (Eds.) John Eichelberger, Evgenii Gordeev, Minoru Kasahara, 191 Rainfall: State of the Science Firat Y. Testik and Pavel Izbekov, and Johnathan Lees (Eds.) Mekonnen Gebremichael (Eds.) 173 Ocean Circulation: Mechanisms and Impacts—Past 192 Antarctic Subglacial Aquatic Environments Martin and Future Changes of Meridional Overturning J. Siegert, Mahlon C. Kennicut II, and Robert A. Andreas Schmittner, John C. H. Chiang, and Sidney Bindschadler R. Hemming (Eds.) 193 Abrupt Climate Change: Mechanisms, Patterns, and 174 Post-Perovskite: The Last Mantle Phase Transition Kei Impacts Harunur Rashid, Leonid Polyak, and Ellen Hirose, John Brodholt, Thorne Lay, and David Yuen Mosley-Thompson (Eds.) (Eds.) 194 Stream Restoration in Dynamic Fluvial Systems: 175 A Continental Plate Boundary: Tectonics at South Scientific Approaches, Analyses, and Tools Andrew Island, New Zealand David Okaya, Tim Stem, Simon, Sean J. Bennett, and Janine M. Castro (Eds.) and Fred Davey (Eds.) 195 Monitoring and Modeling the Deepwater Horizon 176 Exploring Venus as a Terrestrial Planet Larry W. Oil Spill: A Record-Breaking Enterprise Yonggang Esposito, Ellen R. Stofan, and Thomas E. Cravens (Eds.) Liu, Amy MacFadyen, Zhen-Gang Ji, and Robert H. 177 Ocean Modeling in an Eddying Regime Matthew Hecht Weisberg (Eds.) and Hiroyasu Hasumi (Eds.) 196 Extreme Events and Natural Hazards: The Complexity 178 Magma to Microbe: Modeling Hydrothermal Perspective A. Surjalal Sharma, Armin Bunde, Vijay Processes at Oceanic Spreading Centers Robert P. P. Dimri, and Daniel N. Baker (Eds.) Lowell, Jeffrey S. Seewald, Anna Metaxas, and Michael 197 Auroral Phenomenology and Magnetospheric R. Perfit (Eds.) Processes: Earth and Other Planets Andreas Keiling, 179 Active Tectonics and Seismic Potential of Alaska Jeffrey Eric Donovan, Fran Bagenal, and Tomas T. Freymueller, Peter J. Haeussler, Robert L. Wesson, Karlsson (Eds.) and Göran Ekström (Eds.) 198 Climates, Landscapes, and Civilizations Liviu Giosan, 180 Arctic Sea Ice Decline: Observations, Projections, Dorian Q. Fuller, Kathleen Nicoll, Rowan K. Flad, and Mechanisms, and Implications Eric T. DeWeaver, Peter D. Clift (Eds.) Cecilia M. Bitz, and L.-Bruno Tremblay (Eds.) 199 Dynamics of the Earth’s Radiation Belts and Inner 181 Midlatitude Ionospheric Dynamics and Disturbances Magnetosphere Danny Summers, Ian R. Mann, Daniel Paul M. Kintner, Jr., Anthea J. Coster, Tim Fuller-Rowell, N. Baker, Michael Schulz (Eds.) Anthony J. Mannucci, Michael Mendillo, and Roderick 200 Lagrangian Modeling of the Atmosphere John Lin (Ed.) Heelis (Eds.) 201 Modeling the Ionosphere-Thermosphere Jospeh D. 182 The Stromboli Volcano: An Integrated Study of Huba, Robert W. Schunk, and George V Khazanov the 2002–2003 Eruption Sonia Calvari, Salvatore (Eds.) Inguaggiato, Giuseppe Puglisi, Maurizio Ripepe, 202 The Mediterranean Sea: Temporal Variability and and Mauro Rosi (Eds.) Spatial Patterns Gian Luca Eusebi Borzelli, Miroslav 183 Carbon Sequestration and Its Role in the Global Carbon GaCiC, Piero Lionello and Paola Malanotte-Rizzoli Cycle Brian J. McPherson and Eric T. Sundquist (Eds.) (Eds.) 184 Carbon Cycling in Northern Peatlands Andrew J. Baird, 203 Future Earth: Advancing Civic Understanding Of the Lisa R. Belyea, Xavier Comas, A. S. Reeve, and Lee D. Anthropocene Diana Dalbotten, Gillian Roehrig and Slater (Eds.) Patrick Hamilton (Eds.) 185 Indian Ocean Biogeochemical Processes and Ecological Variability Jerry D. Wiggert, Raleigh R. Hood, S. Wajih A. Naqvi, Kenneth H. Brink, and Sharon L. Smith (Eds.) Geophysical Monograph 204 The Galápagos A Natural Laboratory for the Earth Sciences Karen S. Harpp Eric Mittelstaedt Noémi d’Ozouville David W. Graham Editors This work is a co-publication between the American Geophysical Union and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This work is a co-publication between the American Geophysical Union and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published under the aegis of the AGU Books Board Brooks Hanson, Director of Publications Robert van der Hilst, Chair, Publications Committee Richard Blakely, Vice Chair, Publications Committee © 2014 by the American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009 For details about the American Geophysical Union, see www.agu.org. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission. Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The Galapagos : a natural laboratory for the Earth sciences / [edited by] Karen S. Harpp, Eric Mittelstaedt, Noémi d’Ozouville, David W. Graham. pages cm. – (Geophysical monograph series) “Co-publication between the American Geophysical Union and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.” –Title page verso. Summary: “This book has an international broad scope. It should be of interest to a wide multi-disciplinary audience in USA, European countries and other countries” – Provided by publisher. Includes index. ISBN 978-1-118-85241-5 (hardback) 1. Geology–Galapagos Islands. 2. Biodiversity–Galapagos Islands. 3. Biogeography–Galapagos Islands. 4. Galapagos Islands. I. Harpp, Karen S. QE349.G3G35 2014 508.866ʹ5–dc23 2013050566 Cover images: Satellite image of Fernandina and Isabela Islands, created by Scott Baker from the University of Miami, InSAR Laboratory using data from the Landsat-7 satellite; Eruption photo courtesy of Karen S. Harpp, Volume Editor. The 2005 eruption of Sierra Negra volcano, Galápagos. Photo by Karen Harpp (2005); Birds photo courtesy of Karen S. Harpp, Volume Editor. Juvenile Nazca boobies on Wolf Island, northern Galápagos. Photo by Karen Harpp (2010); Back cover image courtesy of David Graham, Volume Editor. Kicker Rock, Galápagos. Photo by David Graham (1998). Cover design by Modern Alchemy LLC Printed in Singapore 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Contributors ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������vii Foreword: Darwin’s Perspective Randal Keynes �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xi Foreword: The Galápagos as a Natural Laboratory Peter Grant ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xiii Acknowledgments ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xv 1. Introduction Eric Mittelstaedt, Noémi d’Ozouville, Karen S� Harpp, and David W� Graham ������������������������������������������������1 2. Contrasting Volcanism in Hawai‘i and the Galápagos Michael P� Poland �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������5 3. Galápagos and Easter: A Tale of Two Hotspots Karen S� Harpp, Paul S� Hall, and Matthew G� Jackson ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������27 4. Eruption Rates for Fernandina Volcano: A New Chronology at the Galápagos Hotspot Center Mark D� Kurz, Scott K� Rowland, Joshua Curtice, Alberto E� Saal, and Terry Naumann ����������������������������������41 5. Galápagos Magma Chambers Dennis J� Geist, George Bergantz, and William W� Chadwick, Jr� ������������������������������������������������������������������55 6. The Geology and Geochemistry of Isla Floreana, Galápagos: A Different Type of Late-Stage Ocean Island Volcanism Karen S� Harpp, Dennis J� Geist, Alison M� Koleszar, Branden Christensen, John Lyons, Melissa Sabga, and Nathan Rollins ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������71 7. Plate Tectonics, Evolution, and the Survival of Species: A Modern Day Hotspot Godfrey Merlen �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������119 8. A Paleogeographic Model of the Galápagos Islands and Biogeographical and Evolutionary Implications Dennis J� Geist, Howard Snell, Heidi Snell, Charlotte Goddard, and Mark D� Kurz ��������������������������������������145 9. Hydrogeology of the Galápagos Archipelago: An Integrated and Comparative Approach Between Islands Sophie Violette, Noémi d’Ozouville, Alexandre Pryet, Benoît Deffontaines, Jérôme Fortin, and Mathilde Adelinet ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������167 10. Controls on the Hydrological and Topographic Evolution of Shield Volcanoes and Volcanic Ocean Islands Anne J� Jefferson, Ken L� Ferrier, J� Taylor Perron, and Ricardo Ramalho �������������������������������������������������������185 11. Climate and the Global Reach of the Galápagos Archipelago: State of the Knowledge Kristopher B� Karnauskas, Raghu Murtugudde, and W� Brechner Owens ����������������������������������������������������215 v vi Contents 12. Assessment of the Chile 2010 and Japan 2011 Tsunami Events in the Galápagos Islands Willington Rentería and Patrick Lynett ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������233 13. Patterns in Galápagos Magmatism Arising from the Upper Mantle Dynamics of Plume-Ridge Interaction Garrett Ito and Todd Bianco �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������245 14. Variations in Crustal Thickness, Plate Rigidity, and Volcanic Processes Throughout the Northern Galápagos Volcanic Province Eric Mittelstaedt, Adam S� Soule, Karen S� Harpp, and Daniel Fornari ���������������������������������������������������������263 15. Plume-Ridge Interaction in the Galápagos: Perspectives from Wolf, Darwin, and Genovesa Islands Karen S� Harpp, Karl R� Wirth, Rachel Teasdale, Susanna Blair, Leslie Reed, Jay Barr, Janna Pistiner, and Daniel Korich ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������285 16. A Preliminary Survey of the Northeast Seamounts, Galápagos Platform Christopher W� Sinton, Karen S� Harpp, and David M� Christie �������������������������������������������������������������������335 17. Effect of Variations in Magma Supply on the Crustal Structure of Mid-Ocean Ridges: Insights from the Western Galápagos Spreading Center Juan Pablo Canales, Robert A� Dunn, Garrett Ito, Robert S� Detrick, and Valentí Sallarès �����������������������������363 18. Helium Isotope Variations and Mantle Plume-Spreading Ridge Interactions Along the Galápagos Spreading Center David W� Graham, Barry B� Hanan, John E� Lupton, Kaj Hoernle, Reinhard Werner, David M� Christie, and John M� Sinton ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������393 Index ..................................................................................................................................................................415 Contributors Mathilde Adelinet Robert A. Dunn IFP Énergies nouvelles Department of Geology and Geophysics University of Hawai‘i, Manoa Jay Barr Geology Department Ken L. Ferrier Colgate University Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences Harvard University George Bergantz Department of Earth and Space Sciences Daniel Fornari University of Washington Department of Geology and Geophysics Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Todd Bianco Jérôme Fortin Department of Geological Science Ecole Normale Supérieure and CNRS, Brown University UMR. 8538- Laboratoire de Géologie Susanna Blair Dennis J. Geist Geology Department Department of Geological Sciences Colgate University University of Idaho Department of Geological Sciences University of Florida Charlotte Goddard College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences Juan Pablo Canales Oregon State University Department of Geology and Geophysics Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution David W. Graham College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences William W. Chadwick, Jr. Oregon State University Hatfield Marine Science Center Oregon State University Peter Grant Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Branden Christensen Princeton University Geology Department Colgate University Paul S. Hall Department of Earth and Environment David M. Christie Boston University West Coast and Polar Regions Undersea Research Center Barry B. Hanan University of Alaska Department of Geological Sciences San Diego State University Joshua Curtice Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Karen S. Harpp Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Geology Department Colgate University Benoît Deffontaines Université de Marne-la-Vallée Kaj Hoernle Laboratoire GTMC GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Robert S. Detrick Garrett Ito National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration Department of Geology and Geophysics Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research University of Hawai‘i, Manoa vii viii Contributors Matthew G. Jackson W. Brechner Owens Department of Earth Sciences Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution UC Santa Barbara Noémi d’Ozouville UPMC-Sorbonne Universités and CNRS, Anne J. Jefferson UMR. 7619-Sisyphe Department of Geology Charles Darwin Foundation Kent State University J. Taylor Perron Kristopher B. Karnauskas Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Sciences Massachusetts Institute of Technology Randal Keynes The Charles Darwin Trust Janna Pistiner Geology Department Alison M. Koleszar Colgate University College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences Oregon State University Michael P. Poland U.S. Geological Survey—Hawaiian Volcano Daniel Korich Observatory Geology Department Colgate University Alexandre Pryet UPMC-Sorbonne Universités and CNRS, Mark D. Kurz UMR. 7619-Sisyphe Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Ricardo Ramalho Institut für Geophysik Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität John E. Lupton Pacific Marine Environmental Lab Leslie Reed National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Geology Department Hatfield Marine Science Center Colgate University Patrick Lynett Willington Rentería Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Marine Sciences Department University of Southern California Instituto Oceanográfico de la Armada (INOCAR) John Lyons Nathan Rollins Department of Geological Sciences Geology Department University of Idaho Colgate University Godfrey Merlen Scott K. Rowland Independent Scientific Assessor Department of Geology and Geophysics Galápagos Islands, Ecuador University of Hawai‘i, Mānoa Eric Mittelstaedt Alberto E. Saal Department of Geological Sciences Geological Sciences University of Idaho Brown University Raghu Murtugudde Melissa Sabga CMNS-Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Department of Geological Sciences University of Maryland University of Idaho Terry Naumann Valentí Sallarés Geological Sciences Center for Subsurface Imaging University of Alaska Institute of Marine Sciences

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