The Future of Jobs

167 Pages·2016·7.18 MB·English

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The Future of Jobs
Employment, Skills and
Workforce Strategy for the
Fourth Industrial Revolution
January 2016

Employment, Skills and Human Capital
Global Challenge Insight Report
The Future of Jobs
Employment, Skills and
Workforce Strategy for the
Fourth Industrial Revolution
January 2016
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REF 010116
Contents
v Preface
1 PART 1: PREPARING FOR THE WORKFORCE OF THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
3 Chapter 1: The Future of Jobs and Skills
3 Introduction
5 Drivers of Change
10 Employment Trends
19 Skills Stability
26 Future Workforce Strategy
33 Chapter 2: The Industry Gender Gap
34 The Business Case for Change
36 Gaps in the Female Talent Pipeline
37 Barriers to Change
39 Women and Work in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
40 Approaches to Leveraging Female Talent
43 Endnotes
45 References and Further Reading
49 Appendix A: Report Methodology
57 Appendix B: Industry and Regional Classifications
59 PART 2: INDUSTRY, REGIONAL AND GENDER GAP PROFILES
61 User’s Guide: How to Read the Industry, Regional and Gender Gap Profiles
69 List of Industry, Regional and Gender Gap Profiles
71 Industry Profiles
91 Country and Regional Profiles
123 Industry Gender Gap Profiles
143 Acknowledgements
145 Contributors
147 Global Challenge Partners
The Future of Jobs Report | iii
iv | The Future of Jobs Report
Preface
KLAUS SCHWAB
Founder and Executive Chairman
RICHARD SAMANS
Member of the Managing Board
Today, we are on the cusp of a Fourth Industrial Revolution. instability result in most businesses currently facing major
Developments in genetics, artificial intelligence, robotics, recruitment challenges and talent shortages, a pattern
nanotechnology, 3D printing and biotechnology, to already evident in the results and set to get worse over the
name just a few, are all building on and amplifying one next five years.
another. This will lay the foundation for a revolution more The question, then, is how business, government and
comprehensive and all-encompassing than anything we individuals will react to these developments. To prevent a
have ever seen. Smart systems—homes, factories, farms, worst-case scenario—technological change accompanied
grids or cities—will help tackle problems ranging from by talent shortages, mass unemployment and growing
supply chain management to climate change. The rise of the inequality—reskilling and upskilling of today’s workers will
sharing economy will allow people to monetize everything be critical. While much has been said about the need
from their empty house to their car. for reform in basic education, it is simply not possible to
While the impending change holds great promise, weather the current technological revolution by waiting for
the patterns of consumption, production and employment the next generation’s workforce to become better prepared.
created by it also pose major challenges requiring proactive Instead it is critical that businesses take an active role in
adaptation by corporations, governments and individuals. supporting their current workforces through re-training,
Concurrent to the technological revolution are a set of that individuals take a proactive approach to their own
broader socio-economic, geopolitical and demographic lifelong learning and that governments create the enabling
drivers of change, each interacting in multiple directions environment, rapidly and creatively, to assist these efforts. In
and intensifying one another. As entire industries adjust, particular, business collaboration within industries to create
most occupations are undergoing a fundamental larger pools of skilled talent will become indispensable,
transformation. While some jobs are threatened by as will multi-sector skilling partnerships that leverage the
redundancy and others grow rapidly, existing jobs are also very same collaborative models that underpin many of
going through a change in the skill sets required to do them. the technology-driven business changes underway today.
The debate on these transformations is often polarized Additionally, better data and planning metrics, such as
between those who foresee limitless new opportunities those in this Report, are critical in helping to anticipate and
and those that foresee massive dislocation of jobs. In fact, proactively manage the current transition in labour markets.
the reality is highly specific to the industry, region and We are grateful for the leadership of Jeffrey Joerres,
occupation in question as well as the ability of various Chairman Emeritus, ManpowerGroup and Chair of the
stakeholders to manage change. Global Agenda Council on the Future of Jobs; Jamie
The Future of Jobs Report is a first step in becoming McAuliffe, President and CEO, Education for Employment
specific about the changes at hand. It taps into the and Vice-Chair of the Global Agenda Council on the Future
knowledge of those who are best placed to observe the of Jobs; J. Frank Brown, Managing Director and Chief
dynamics of workforces—Chief Human Resources and Operating Officer, General Atlantic LLC and Chair of the
Strategy Officers—by asking them what the current shifts Global Agenda Council on Gender Parity and Mara Swan,
mean, specifically for employment, skills and recruitment Executive Vice-President, Global Strategy and Talent,
across industries and geographies. In particular, we have ManpowerGroup and Vice-Chair of the Global Agenda
introduced a new measure—skills stability—to quantify the Council on Gender Parity.
degree of skills disruption within an occupation, a We would also like to express our appreciation to Till
job family or an entire industry. We have also been able Leopold, Project Lead, Employment, Skills and Human
to provide an outlook on the gender dynamics of the Capital Initiative; Vesselina Ratcheva, Data Analyst,
changes underway, a key element in understanding how Employment and Gender Initiatives; and Saadia Zahidi,
the benefits and burdens of the Fourth Industrial Revolution Head of Employment and Gender Initiatives, for their
will be distributed. dedication to this Report. We would like to thank Yasmina
Overall, there is a modestly positive outlook for Bekhouche, Kristin Keveloh, Paulina Padilla Ugarte, Valerie
employment across most industries, with jobs growth Peyre, Pearl Samandari and Susan Wilkinson for their
expected in several sectors. However, it is also clear support of this project at the World Economic Forum.
that this need for more talent in certain job categories Finally, we welcome the untiring commitment of the Partners
is accompanied by high skills instability across all job of the Global Challenge Initiative on Employment, Skills
categories. Combined together, net job growth and skills and Human Capital and the Global Challenge Initiative on
The Future of Jobs Report | v
Gender Parity, who have each been instrumental in shaping
this combined Report of the two Global Challenge Initiatives.
The current technological revolution need not become
a race between humans and machines but rather an
opportunity for work to truly become a channel through
which people recognize their full potential. To ensure that
we achieve this vision, we must become more specific
and much faster in understanding the changes underway
and cognizant of our collective responsibility to lead our
businesses and communities through this transformative
moment.
vi | The Future of Jobs Report
Part 1
Preparing for the Workforce
of the Fourth Industrial
Revolution