The Future of Humanity: Terraforming Mars, Interstellar Travel, Immortality, and Our Destiny Beyond PDF
Preview The Future of Humanity: Terraforming Mars, Interstellar Travel, Immortality, and Our Destiny Beyond
ALSO BY MICHIO KAKU The Future of the Mind Physics of the Future Physics of the Impossible Parallel Worlds Hyperspace Visions Einstein’s Cosmos Beyond Einstein To my loving wife Shizue, and my daughters Michelle and Alyson CONTENTS Cover Also by Michio Kaku Title Page Copyright Dedication ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PROLOGUE INTRODUCTION: TOWARD A MULTIPLANET SPECIES PART I: LEAVING THE EARTH 1 PREPARING FOR LIFTOFF 2 NEW GOLDEN AGE OF SPACE TRAVEL 3 MINING THE HEAVENS 4 MARS OR BUST 5 MARS: THE GARDEN PLANET 6 GAS GIANTS, COMETS, AND BEYOND PART II: VOYAGE TO THE STARS 7 ROBOTS IN SPACE 8 BUILDING A STARSHIP 9 KEPLER AND A UNIVERSE OF PLANETS PART III: LIFE IN THE UNIVERSE 10 IMMORTALITY 11 TRANSHUMANISM AND TECHNOLOGY 12 SEARCH FOR EXTRATERRESTRIAL LIFE 13 ADVANCED CIVILIZATIONS 14 LEAVING THE UNIVERSE NOTES SUGGESTED READING ILLUSTRATION CREDITS About the Author ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the following scientists and experts who have generously given their time and expertise to be interviewed for this book and for my national radio and TV programs. Their knowledge and keen insights into science have helped to make this book possible. I would also like to thank my agent, Stuart Krichevsky, who has, over all these years, helped to make my books a success. I owe him a great debt of gratitude for all his tireless work. He is always the first person I turn to for sound advice. I would also like to thank Edward Kastenmeier, my editor at Penguin Random House, for his guidance and comments, which have helped to keep the book focused. As always, his advice has considerably improved the manuscript. His sure hand in editing this book is apparent throughout. I would like to thank the following pioneers and trailblazers: Peter Doherty, Nobel laureate, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital Gerald Edelman, Nobel laureate, Scripps Research Institute Murray Gell-Mann, Nobel laureate, Santa Fe Institute and Caltech Walter Gilbert, Nobel laureate, Harvard University David Gross, Nobel laureate, Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics Henry Kendall, Nobel laureate, MIT Leon Lederman, Nobel laureate, Illinois Institute of Technology Yoichiro Nambu, Nobel laureate, University of Chicago Henry Pollack, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Nobel Peace Prize Joseph Rotblat, Nobel laureate, St. Bartholomew’s Hospital Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate, University of Texas at Austin Frank Wilczek, Nobel laureate, MIT Amir Aczel, author of Uranium Wars Buzz Aldrin, astronaut, NASA, second man to walk on the moon Geoff Andersen, U.S. Air Force Academy, author of The Telescope David Archer, geophysical scientist, University of Chicago, author of The Long Thaw Jay Barbree, coauthor of Moon Shot John Barrow, physicist, Cambridge University, author of Impossibility Marcia Bartusiak, author of Einstein’s Unfinished Symphony Jim Bell, astronomer, Cornell University Gregory Benford, physicist, University of California, Irvine James Benford, physicist, president of Microwave Sciences Jeffrey Bennett, author of Beyond UFOs Bob Berman, astronomer, author of Secrets of the Night Sky Leslie Biesecker, senior investigator, medical genomics, National Institutes of Health Piers Bizony, author of How to Build Your Own Spaceship Michael Blaese, senior investigator, National Institutes of Health Alex Boese, founder of Museum of Hoaxes Nick Bostrom, transhumanist, Oxford University Lt. Col. Robert Bowman, director, Institute for Space and Security Studies Travis Bradford, author of Solar Revolution Cynthia Breazeal, codirector, Center for Future Storytelling, MIT Media Laboratory Lawrence Brody, senior investigator, medical genomics, National Institutes of Health Rodney Brooks, former director, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Lester Brown, founder and president of Earth Policy Institute Michael Brown, astronomer, Caltech James Canton, author of The Extreme Future Arthur Caplan, founder of Division of Medical Ethics, NYU School of Medicine Fritjof Capra, author of The Science of Leonardo Sean Carroll, cosmologist, Caltech Andrew Chaikin, author of A Man on the Moon Leroy Chiao, astronaut, NASA Eric Chivian, physician, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War Deepak Chopra, author of Super Brain George Church, professor of genetics, Harvard Medical School Thomas Cochran, physicist, Natural Resources Defense Council Christopher Cokinos, astronomer, author of The Fallen Sky Francis Collins, director, National Institutes of Health Vicki Colvin, chemist, Rice University Neil Comins, physicist, University of Maine, author of The Hazards of Space Travel Steve Cook, Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA spokesperson Christine Cosgrove, coauthor of Normal at Any Cost Steve Cousins, Willow Garage Personal Robots Program Steve Cousins, Willow Garage Personal Robots Program Philip Coyle, former U.S. assistant secretary of defense Daniel Crevier, computer scientist, CEO of Coreco Imaging Ken Croswell, astronomer, author of Magnificent Universe Steven Cummer, computer scientist, Duke University Mark Cutkosky, mechanical engineer, Stanford University Paul Davies, physicist, author of Superforce Daniel Dennett, codirector, Center for Cognitive Studies, Tufts University Michael Dertouzos, computer scientist, MIT Jared Diamond, Pulitzer Prize winner, UCLA Mariette DiChristina, editor in chief, Scientific American Peter Dilworth, research scientist, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory John Donoghue, creator of BrainGate, Brown University Ann Druyan, writer and producer, Cosmos Studios Freeman Dyson, physicist, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton David Eagleman, neuroscientist, Stanford University Paul Ehrlich, environmentalist, Stanford University John Ellis, physicist, CERN Daniel Fairbanks, geneticist, Utah Valley University, author of Relics of Eden Timothy Ferris, writer and producer, author of Coming of Age in the Milky Way Maria Finitzo, filmmaker, stem cell expert, Peabody Award winner Robert Finkelstein, robotics and computer science, Robotic Technology, Inc. Christopher Flavin, senior fellow, Worldwatch Institute Louis Friedman, cofounder, Planetary Society Jack Gallant, neuroscientist, University of California, Berkeley James Garvin, chief scientist, NASA Evalyn Gates, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, author of Einstein’s Telescope Michael Gazzaniga, neurologist, University of California, Santa Barbara Jack Geiger, cofounder, Physicians for Social Responsibility David Gelernter, computer scientist, Yale University Neil Gershenfeld, director, Center for Bits and Atoms, MIT Media Laboratory Paul Gilster, author of Centauri Dreams Rebecca Goldburg, environmentalist, Pew Charitable Trusts Don Goldsmith, astronomer, author of The Runaway Universe David Goodstein, former vice provost, Caltech J. Richard Gott III, physicist, Princeton University, author of Time Travel in Einstein’s Universe Stephen Jay Gould, biologist, Harvard University Ambassador Thomas Graham, arms control and nonproliferation expert under six presidents John Grant, author of Corrupted Science Eric Green, director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health Ronald Green, genomics and bioethics, Dartmouth College, author of Babies by Design Brian Greene, physicist, Columbia University, author of The Elegant Universe Alan Guth, physicist, MIT, author of The Inflationary Universe William Hanson, author of The Edge of Medicine Chris Hadfield, astronaut, CSA Leonard Hayflick, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine Donald Hillebrand, director, Argonne National Laboratory’s Energy Systems Division Allan Hobson, psychiatrist, Harvard University Jeffrey Hoffman, astronaut, NASA, MIT Douglas Hofstadter, Pulitzer Prize winner, author of Gödel, Escher, Bach John Horgan, journalist, Stevens Institute of Technology, author of The End of Science Jamie Hyneman, host of MythBusters Chris Impey, astronomer, University of Arizona, author of The Living Cosmos Robert Irie, computer scientist, the Cog Project, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory P. J. Jacobowitz, journalist, PC Magazine Jay Jaroslav, Human Intelligence Enterprise, MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Donald Johanson, paleoanthropologist, Institute of Human Origins, discoverer of Lucy George Johnson, science journalist, New York Times Tom Jones, astronaut, NASA Steve Kates, astronomer, TV host Jack Kessler, professor of medicine, Northwestern Medical Group Robert Kirshner, astronomer, Harvard University Kris Koenig, astronomer, filmmaker Lawrence Krauss, physicist, Arizona State University, author of The Physics of Star Trek Lawrence Kuhn, filmmaker, Closer to Truth Ray Kurzweil, inventor and futurist, author of The Age of Spiritual Machines Geoffrey Landis, physicist, NASA
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