The Fungal Spore and Disease Initiation in Plants and Animals PDF
Preview The Fungal Spore and Disease Initiation in Plants and Animals
The Fungal Spore and Disease Initiation in Plants and Animals The Fungal Spore and Disease Initiation in Plants and Anirnals Edited by Garry T. Gofe The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas and Harvey C. Hoch Corne/1 University New York State Agricultural Experiment Station Geneva, New York Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Llbrary of Congress Cata1oglng-ln-Pub11catlon 01t1 The Fungal spare and ~lsease tnlttatlon ln plant& and anl•a1s I edltad by Garry T. Cola and Harvey c. Hoch. p. Cl. Includas blbllographlcal rafarences and Index. ISBN 978-1-4899-2637-1 ISBN 978-1-4899-2635-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-2635-7 1. Mycoses--Pathogenasls. 2. Fungel dtsaases of plants -Pathogenesls. 3. Fungi--Spores. I. Cola, Garry T •• 1941- II. Hoch, Harvey C. IDNLM: 1. Spores, Fungal--pathogantclty. QH 180 F9818l QR245.F854 1991 BS2 • .4--dc20 DNLMIDLC for Ltbrary of Congress 90-14316 CIP ISBN 978-1-4899-2637-1 © 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1991 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Dedicated to our students and colleagues; their diligence and inspiration are deeply appreciated. Gontributars James R. Aist • Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, lthaca, New York 14853 Drion G. Boucias • Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gaines ville, Florida 32611~0711 William R. Bushnell • USOA-ARS Cereal Rust Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108 A. K. Charnley • School of Biological Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, England Garry T. Gote • Department of Botany, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78713 Pierre J. G. M. De Wit • Department of Phytopathology, Wageningen Agricultural University, 6700 EE Wageningen, The Netherlands R. J. Dillon • School ofBiological Sciences, University ofBath, Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, England Dennis M. Dixon • Laboratories for Mycology, Wadsworth Center for Laboratories and Re search, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201-0509 Lynn Epstein • Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 /wao Furusawa • Labaratory ofPlant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan Robert C. Garher • Biotechnology Center and Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210. Present address: Springer-Verlag, New York, New York 10010 Randall E. Gold • BASF AG, Agricultural Research Station, D-6703 Limburgerhof, Federal Republic of Germany Tadayo Hashimoto • Department of Microbiology, Loyola University Stritch School of Medi cine, Maywood, Illinois 60153 H. C. Hoch • Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York 14456 Matthieu H. A. J. Joosten • Department of Phytopathology, Wageningen Agricultural Univer sity, 6700 EE Wageningen, The Netherlands vii viii Contributors Michael J. Kennedy • The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001 Theo N. Kirkland • Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Diego, California 92161 Wo{fram Köller • Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, New York State Agri cultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York 14456 Yasuyuki Kubo • Labaratory ofPlant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606, Japan Joseph Kuc • Department of Plant Pat.hology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546-0091 J. P. Latge • Mycology Unit, Pasteur Institute, 75015 Paris, France Nageswara Rao Madamanchi • Department of Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0331 Kurt Mendgen • Department of Plant Pathology, University of Constance, D-7750 Constance,. Federal Republic of Germany Ralph L. Nieholsan • Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purduc University, West Lafayette, lndiana 47906 Anton Novaclzy • Department of Plant Pathology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211 Frank C. Odds • Department of Bacteriology and Mycology, Janssen Research Foundation, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium S. Paris • Mycology Unit, Pasteur Institute, 75015 Paris, France Jacquelyn C. Pendland • Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0711 Annemarie Polak • E Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH 4002 Basel, Switzerland Donald W. Roberts • Insect Pathology Resource Center, Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 Maura D. Robertson • Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh EH8 9SU, Scotland lngrid M. J. Scholtens-Toma • Department ofPhytopathology, Wageningen Agricultural Univer sity, 6700 EE Wageningen, The Netherlands M. G. Smart • Northern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Depart ment of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604. Present address: Kraft General Foods, Inc., Glen view, Illinois 60025 David R. Soll• Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 R. J. St. Leger • Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853 R. C. Staples • Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, lthaca, New York 14853 Paul J. Szaniszlo • Department of Microbiology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78713 Alayn R. Waldorf• Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Hayward, California 94542 Preface This treatise is focused on early aspects of fungal pathogenesis in plant and animal hosts. Our aim in choosing the topics and contributors was to demonstrate common approaches to studies of fungal-plant and fungal-animal interactions, particularly at the biochemical and molecular Ievels. For example, the initial events of adh«sion of fungal spores to the exposed surface tissues of the host are essential for subsequent invasion of the plant or animal and establishment of pathogenesis. A point of consensus among investigators who have directed their attention to such events in plants, insects, and vertebrates isthat spore adhesion to the host cuticle or epithelium is more than a simple binding event. lt is a complex and potentially pivotal process in fungal-plant interactions which "may involve the secretion of ftuids that prepare the infection court for the development of morphological stages of the germling" and subsequent invasion of the host (Nicholson and Epstein, Chapter 1). The attachment of the fungal propagule to the arthropod cuticle is also "mediated by the chemical components present on the outer layer of the spore wall and the epicuticle .... Initial attachment may be reinforced further by either the active secretion of adhesive materials or the modification of spore wall materiallocated at the [fungal spore arthropod] cuticle interface (Boucias and Pendland, Chapter 5). The parallel nature of the research approaches and comparability of experimental methods used for examinations of spore attachment to and invasion of both plant and animal hosts is illustrated in the first eight chapters of this volumc. The plant and insect cuticle, and epithelial surfaces of vertebrales, represent the principal passive barriers to fungal invasion of respective hosts. lt is intuitive that many fungi actively breach thesepassive barriers. Evidence has been presented in Chapters lO, 12, and 13 that specific hydrolytic enzymes produced by certain fungal pathogens of plants and animals are associated with cuticular/epithelial penetration. Common goals ·are underscored by the authors of these chapters, namely the isolation and characterization of these key enzymes (virulence factors) and identification of compounds that selectively inhibit the enzyme activity in vivo. lt is also evident from these and other chapters in this book that address the topic of fungal spore products and pathogenesis that future research must focus on the molecular basis of synthesis and release of substances derived from the pathogen and host which are involved in fungal penetration. Results of these exciting new approaches to old problems will contribute significantly to our understand ing of the early mechanisms of host invasion (Odds, Chapter 13). Although there are clear differences in the nature of host response to early fungal invasion of plants and animals, an understanding of host "defenses and how the fungus avoids or overcomes them is rudimentary" (Aist and Bushnell, Chapter 15). Parallels of oxygen free radical production ix X Preface by both plant and animal defense systcms are reported in Chapters 17 and 20, respectively. Discussions of active and passive mechanisms by which fungal spores or highly specialized infection structures modüy, suppress, or resist the battery of plant and animal host defenses are presented in Chapters 15, 19, and 21. The development of recombinant DNA technology has introduced new and potentially rewarding possibilities for investigators of fungal pathogenesis of plants and animals. Under the topic "Molecular Aspects of Disease Initiation" discusssions of fungal genes responsible for putative pathogenic factors are presentcd (Chaptcrs 22 and 23). The application of molecular probes to assess strain relatedness and explore basic questions of fungal epidemiology and pathogenesis is also examined in Chapter 23. These chapters again emphasize the similarities of experimental design which plant pathologists and medical mycologists have devised for investi gations of molecular aspects of fungal-host interactions. At least three, not mutually exclusive, approaches for future research on fungal pathogenicity genes emerge from these discussions. "The first, and most developed to date, is to study the regulation of a genein the organism from which it was isolated. . . . A second approach is to transfer genes into nonpathogens or into pathogens with different hosts. ... A third and extremely underexploited route to the problern of isolating fungal pathogenicity genes is through mutant analysis" (Garber, Chapter 22). We are most grateful for the contributions of the authors as weil as the support of many other individuals who provided assistance during the preparation of this treatise. Garry T. Cole Harvey C. Hoch Austin, Texas Geneva, New York INTRODUCTION Funga/-Host lnteractions Opportunities for lnterdisciplinary Research Donald W. Roberts This book provides, for the first time, the opportunity for researchers and educators interested in fungal diseases of animals (vertebrales and invertebrates) and plants to examine in one volume the salient features of disease initiation in both types of hosts. Are there sufficient commonalities between fungal infections of the two host groups to make the information from fungal-plant interactions enlightening to specialists of animal mycoses, and vice versa? The answer, in my opinion, is an unqualified "yes." lt is probably safe to suppose that the great majority of readers of the following pages will be specialists actively involved with either plants or animals, but not both. As such, the natural tendency will be to view the book as a comprehensive, current review of their specialty which happens to be duttered with intervening, peripheral treatises on other host systems. This view is diametrically opposed tothat of the Editors (see Preface), and to me (see Roberts and Aist, 1984). With few exceptions, there is little contact between students of animal and plant mycoses. This book was conceived as one tool to facilitate comparing basic knowledge, current problems, and methods of research on fungal infective units and early disease events between the two host groups. I recommend that readers first read the chapters on the host group foreign to them. It is very likely that this will provide new insights and methods for research in the area of primary interest. Of equal importance, each treatise specifies a nurober of unresolved but important questions pertaining tothat chapter's topic-and readers working with other systems may have approaches based on their own experience to resolve some of these questions. If the book succeeds in its goals, it will stimulate cross-disciplinary collaboration and incite significant research progress in mycoses of both host groups. The study of fungi is justified on many grounds. For example, fungi are eukaryotic microorganisms which usually are haploid most of their life cycle, making them powerful tools for basic genetic and biochemical studies. They tend to secrete, rather than sequester, metabo- Donafd W. Roberts • Insect Pathology Resource Center, Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853. xi
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