The Fungal Population. An Advanced Treatise PDF
Preview The Fungal Population. An Advanced Treatise
Contributors to This Volume G. C. AINSWORTH PETER K. C. AUSTWICK PETER MAZUR J. A. BARNETT DAVID PARK C. G. C. CHESTERS CLAYTON PERSON B. J. DEVERALL K. A. PIROZYNSKI C. L. DUDDINGTON JOHN R. RAPER RALPH EMERSON D. B. O. SAVILE J. L. HARLEY H. P. R. SEELIGER T. JOHNSON GEORGE SMITH T. W. JOHNSON, JR. FREDERICK K. SPARROW, JR. MORTEN LANGE A. S. SUSSMAN M. F. MADELIN JOHN SAVILLE WAID G. W. MARTIN B. E. J. WHEELER THE FUNGI An Advanced Treatise Edited by G. C. AINSWORTH COMMONWEALTH MYCOLOGICAL INSTITUTE KEW, SURREY, ENGLAND ALFRED S. SUSSMAN DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN VOLUME III The Fungal Population 1968 ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London COPYRIGHT© 1968, BY ACADEMIC PRESS INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS. ACADEMIC PRESS INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. Berkeley Square House, London W.l LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 65-15769 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. List of Contributors Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. G. C. Ainsworth, Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, Eng land (211, 505) Peter K. C. Austwick, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Agricul ture, Fisheries and Food, Weybridge, Surrey, England (419) J. A. Barnett,* King's College, Cambridge, England (557) C. G. C. Chesters, Department of Botany, The University, Nottingham, England (517) B. J. Deverall, Botany Department, Imperial College, London, England (129) C. L. Duddington, Biological Laboratories, The Polytechnic, London, England (239) Ralph Emerson, Department of Botany, University of California, Berkeley, California (105) J. L. Harley, Department of Botany, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, England (139) T. Johnson, Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Station, Winni peg, Canada (543) T. W. Johnson, Jr., Department of Botany, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina (95) Morten Lange, Institut for Sporeplanter, Copenhagen, Denmark (625) M. F. Madelin, Department of Botany, The University, Bristol, England (227, 253) G. W. Martin, Department of Botany, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa (635) Peter Mazur, Biology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee (325) David Park,t Department of Botany, Manchester University, Manchester, England (5) Clayton Person,$ Department of Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmon ton, Canada (395) * Present address: Food Research Institute, Norwich, England. t Present address: Department of Botany, The Queen's University, Belfast, North ern Ireland. t Present address: Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Van couver, Canada. VI List of Contributors K. A. Pirozynski,* Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England (487) John R. Raper, Department of Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (677) D. B. O. Savile, Plant Research Institute, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada (649) H. P. R. Seeliger, Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie der Bayerischen Julius-Maximilians-Universität, Würzburg, Germany (597) George Smith, Department of Biochemistry, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England (273) Frederick K. Sparrow, Jr., Department of Botany, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (41) A. S. Sussman, Department of Botany, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (447) John Saville Waid,f Department of Botany, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia, and Department of Agron omy, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (289) B. E. J. Wheeler, Imperial College Field Station, Silwood Park, Sunning- hill, Berks, England (179) * Present address: Plant Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada. f Present address: Department of Soil Science, University of Reading, Reading, England. Preface After having considered the fungal cell and the fungal organism in the first two volumes of this treatise in which what is known about fungi as fungi is summarized, a third traverse of the group is now made at the population level. Attempts are made to relate fungi to their environment as saprobes, symbionts (as exemplified by mycorrhiza), and parasites, while the "domestication" of fungi for human ends is touched on. The effects of the interaction of fungi with their environment are considered from various points of view, and the summation of these effects as reflected in the geographical distribution and number of fungi is discussed. Finally, after considering the principal methods of approach to the taxonomy of fungi, there is some speculation on phylogeny and evolutionary trends. The intention was that this should be the concluding volume of this treatise. However, in response to pressure, a fourth and final volume in which accounts will be given by specialists of the main fungal groups is now in preparation. G. C. AINSWORTH Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England A. S. SUSSMAN University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan June, 1968 vii Contents of Previous Volumes VOLUME I THE FUNGAL CELL INTRODUCTION Utilization of Inorganic Nitrogen Com Historical Introduction to Mycology pounds and Amino Acids by Fungi G. C. AlNSWORTH D. J. D. NICHOLAS Fungal Structure and Organization Integration of Cellular Metabolism C. J. HICKMAN MARKO ZALOKAR CELL COMPONENTS NUTRITION AND GROWTH OF The Cell Wall CELLS JEROME M. ARONSON Uptake and Translocation Flagella 1. Uptake A. P. KOLE ÄSER ROTHSTEIN The Ultrastructure of Fungal Cells Uptake and Translocation ROYALL T. MOORE 2. Translocation Somatic Nuclei and Forms of Mitosis in E. P. HILL Fungi The Chemical Environment for Fungal C. F. ROBINOW AND A. BAKERSPIGEL Growth Nuclear Behavior during Meiosis 1. Media, Macro- and Micronutrients LINDSAY S. OLIVE VIRGIL GREENE LILLY Chemical Constituents of the Fungal Cell The Chemical Environment for Fungal 1. Elemental Constituents and Their Growth Roles 2. Carbon Sources VIRGIL GREENE LILLY D. PERLMAN Chemical Constituents of the Fungal Cell The Chemical Environment for Fungal 2. Special Chemical Products Growth JOHN HOWARD BIRKINSHAW 3. Vitamins and Other Organic Growth Factors Carbohydrate Metabolism /. Glycolysis NILS FRIES HAROLD J. BLUMENTHAL The Chemical Environment for Fungal Carbohydrate Metabolism Growth 2. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle 4. Chemical Inhibition R. J. W. BYRDE D. J. NIEDERPRUEM Carbohydrate Metabolism The Physical Environment for Fungal 3. Terminal Oxidation and Electron Growth Transport 1. Temperature ARISTID LINDENMAYER B. J. DEVERALL xvii xviii Contents of Previous Volumes The Physical Environment for Fungal The Mechanism of Cellular Extension Growth and Branching 2. Hydrostatic Pressure N. F. ROBERTSON RICHARD Y. MORITA Growth Rhythms The Physical Environment for Fungal STEPHEN JEREBZOFF Growth Special Growth Techniques (Synchrony, 3. Light Chemostasis ) ROBERT M. PAGE ALLAN CAMPBELL The Physical Environment for Fungal GENE ACTION Growth 4. Effects of Radiation Gene Action S. POMPER D. G. CATCHESIDE Kinetics of Fungal Growth Author Index—Subject Index—Index to G. R. MANDELS Fungi, Lichens, and Actinomycetes Contents of Previous Volumes xix VOLUME II THE FUNGAL ORGANISM THE PROTOPLAST PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION Protoplasts of Fungi Sex Hormones in Fungi JULIO R. VILLANUEVA LEONARD MACHLIS Environmental Influences on Reproduc CELL AGGREGATES tion Aggregation of Unicells: Yeasts LILIAN E. HAWKER E. O. MORRIS REPRODUCTION AND INHERI TANCE THE MULTICELLULAR CONDITION Life Cycles, Basic Patterns of Sexuality, Vegetative Structures and Sexual Mechanisms GILLIAN M. BUTLER JOHN R. RAPER Sporulating Structures in Fungi Imper Mechanisms of Inheritance fect! 1. Mendelian KEISUKE TUBAKI STERLING EMERSON Mechanisms of Inheritance Fruit Bodies in Ascomycetes 2. Heterokaryosis C. BOOTH ROWLAND H. DAVIS The Hyphal Structure of the Basidiocarp Mechanisms of Inheritance ALEXANDER H. SMITH 3. The Parasexual Cycle J. A. ROPER MECHANISMS OF MORPHOGENESIS Mechanisms of Inheritance Dimorphism 4. Extranuclear Inheritance ANTONIO H. ROMANO J. L. JINKS Morphogenesis in the Myxomycètes Incompatibility CONSTANTINE J. ALEXOPOULOS KARL ESSER Organization and Synthesis in the Cellu DISSEMINATION lar Slime Molds Spore Release JAMES H. GREGG C. T. INGOLD Morphogenesis in Aquatic Fungi Dispersal EDWARD C. CANTINO P. H. GREGORY Morphogenesis in Ascomycetes Dormancy and Spore Germination G. TURIAN ALFRED S. SUSSMAN Morphogenesis in Basidiomycetes Author Index—Subject Index—Index to W. A. TABER Fungi, Lichens, and Actinomycetes CHAPTER 1 The Ecology of Terrestrial Fungi DAVID PARK1 Department of Botany Manchester University Manchester, England I. INTRODUCTION It is widely recognized that in the field of ecology there are fundamental principles that apply to most organisms, including man as well as micro organisms. Workers investigating a particular type of organism can define processes and formulate principles of application to ecology generally. Conversely work in a restricted field can often benefit from the application of ideas deriving from work on very different organisms. In many ways the ecology of fungi demonstrates these generalities and has great similari ties to that of other groups; it has sometimes confirmed work in other fields and sometimes contributed to it. Fungi, because of their small size and their rapid activity permit a study on a smaller scale than do many more traditional ecological materials, and they can be particularly useful in this role. However, partly because fungi have certain special features of somatic morphology, of physiology and of genetics, as described in earlier accounts in these volumes, there are some important ways in which their ecology differs from that of higher plants and animals, and these differences will carry most of the emphasis in this account. The large surf ace : volume ratio inherent in the hyphal growth form gives a large contact with the environment and greatly affects fungal biology. Ecologists studying root systems of higher plants have sometimes been impressed with the surf ace : volume ratio there, but in filamentous, and even more in unicellular, fungi the surface for contact with the environ ment is extremely high in relation to the total mass of protoplasm. Not only is the area of contact large, but there is no great distance between any point in the protoplasm itself and the environment. Whereas the higher 1 Present address: Department of Botany, The Queen's University, Belfast, North Ireland. 5
The list of books you might like
