The Functional Roles of Glial Cells in Health and Disease: Dialogue between Glia and Neurons PDF
Preview The Functional Roles of Glial Cells in Health and Disease: Dialogue between Glia and Neurons
THE FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF GLIAL CELLS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE Dialogue between Glia and Neurons ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY Editorial Board: NATHAN BACK, State University of New York at Buffalo IRUN R. COHEN, The Weizmann Institute of Science DAVID KRITCHEVSKY, Wistar Institute ABEL LAJTHA, N, S, Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research RODOLFO PAOLETTI, University of Milan Recent Volumes in this Series Volume 465 CANCER GENE THERAPY: Past Achievements and Future Challenges Edited by Nagy A, Habib Volume 466 CURRENT VIEWS OF FATTY ACID OXIDATION AND KETOGENESIS: From Organelles to Point Mutations Edited by Patti A. Quant and Simon Eaton Volume 467 TRYPTOPHAN, SEROTONIN, AND MELATONIN: Basic Aspects and Applications Edited by Gerald Heuther, Walter Kochen, Thomas 1. Simat, and Hans Steinhart Volume 468 THE FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF GLIAL CELLS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE: Dialogue between Glia and Neurons Edited by Rebecca Matsas and Marco Tsacopoulos Volume 469 EICOSANOIDS AND OTHER BIOACTIVE LIPIDS IN CANCER, INFLAMMATION, AND RADIATION INJURY, 4 Edited by Kenneth V. Honn, Lawrence J. Marnett, and Santosh Nigam Volume 470 COLON CANCER PREVENTION: Dietary Modulation of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Edited under the Auspices of the American Institute for Cancer Research Volume 471 OXYGEN TRANSPORT TO TISSUE XXI Edited by Andras Eke and David T. Delpy Volume 472 ADVANCES IN NUTRITION AND CANCER 2 Edited by Vincenzo Zappia, Fulvio Della Ragione, Alfonso Barbarisi, Gian Luigi Russo, and Rossano Delio Iacovo Volume 473 MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENTERIC DISEASES 2 Edited by Prem S. Paul and David H. Francis Volume 474 HYPOXIA: INTO THE NEXT MILLENNIUM Edited by Robert C. Roach, Peter D. Wagner, and Peter H. Hackett A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher. THE FUNCTIONAL ROLES OF GLIAL CELLS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE Dialogue between Glia and Neurons Edited by Rebecca Matsas Hellenic Pasteur Institute Athens, Greece and Marco Tsacopoulos University of Geneva Medical School Geneva, Switzerland SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC Library of Congress CataIoging-in-Publication Data The functional roles of glia! cells in health and disease: dialogue between glia and neurons/edited by Rebecca Matsas and Marco Tsacopoulos. p. cm. - (Advances in experimental medicine and biology; v. 468) IncJudes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4613-7121-2 ISBN 978-1-4615-4685-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4685-6 1. Neuroglia. 1. Matsas, Rebecca. II. Tsacopoulos, Marco. III. Series. QP363.2.F86 1999 611' .0l88-dc21 99-42891 CIP Proceedings of the 3rd European Meeting on Glia! Cell Function in Health and Disease: Dialogue between Glia and Neurons, held May 6-10, 1998, in Athens, Greece ISBN 978-1-4613-7121-2 © 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Kluwer Academic I Plenum Publishers New York in 1999 Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1999 Ali rights reserved No par! of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieva! system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanica!, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the PubJisher PREFACE Thirty-five years ago, when Stephen Kuffler and his colleagues at Harvard initiated a new era of research on the properties and functions of neuroglial cells, very few neuro scientists were impressed at the time with the hypothesis that neuroglial cells could have another, though more subtle, role to play in the nervous system than to provide static support to neurons. Today, very few neuroscientists are unaware of the fact that multiple interactions between neurons and glial cells have been described, and that they consti tute the basis for understanding the function and the pathology of the nervous system. Glial cells outnumber neurons and make up about one-half of the bulk of the nervous system. They are divided into two major classes: first, the macroglia, which include astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system, and the Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system; and second, the microglial cells. These different classes of glial cells have different functions and contribute in different ways in the devel opment, function, and the pathology of the nervous system. An overview of our present status of knowledge in glial cell biology and pathology was given by leading neuroscientists at the "3rd European Meeting on Glial Cell Func tion in Health and Disease: Dialogue between Glia and Neurons" which was held in Athens, Greece, during 6-10 May 1998. This event was the third of what has now become an established series of European meetings: the first was held in Heidelberg in 1994, the second in Arcachon, France in 1996, and the fourth will take place in Spain in the year 2000. The objective of these meetings is to bring together European researchers working in glial cell biology and pathology and to provide opportunities for sharing results and resources in this continuously expanding field where European groups are very active. The focus of the 3rd Meeting was on the function of glial cells in health and disease, particularly issues concerning the cellular and molecular interactions occurring between glia and neurons. Much of the data presented in the meeting is covered in this book. The factors influencing glial cell development in vertebrate and invertebrate organisms are discussed in Part I. These include, for example, neuronally secreted growth factors, such as the neurotrophins and neuregulins, as well as intracellular glial transcrip tion factors that regulate glial cell fate determination, differentiation, and the process of myelination. The role of glial cells in neurotransmission, neuromodulation, and neuroprotection is covered in Part II. In astrocytes for example, evidence points toward their important role in neurotransmission and neuromodulation. Indeed, solid experimental evidence reviewed in this book shows that a variety of glutamate receptors and transporters, present on astrocytes, play an important role in mediating signaling between neurons and v vi Preface astrocytes and in clearing glutamate from the synaptic cleft. The powerful transport func tion of astrocytes (as well as sub-types of astrocytes, such as the retinal Muller cells and cerebellar Bergmann cells) helps terminate the post-synaptic action of neurotransmitters released presynaptically and the replenishment of the neurotransmitter pool. An altera tion of these two processes could cause severe neuronal dysfunction and neuronal death. Oligodendrocytes, whose principal function is the myelination ofaxons, also have gluta mate receptors and this suggests that altering glutamate homeostasis may contribute to demyelinating diseases in the central nervous system. Moreover, the role of astrocytes as well as microglial cells, in neuroprotection from oxidative stress is considerable, since astrocytes provide essential precursors for glutathione and NO synthesis to neurons. In addition, microglial cells may, under some conditions, release compounds that affect the inflammatory and immune reactions of the central nervous system (Part III). A challenging project in modern neuroscience addresses the capacity of the adult nervous system to change. This capacity is often referred to as neural plasticity, and is reviewed in Part IV. A current hypothesis proposes that plasticity, and therefore, learning new skills, is based on changes in synaptic function. This function has not been entirely elucidated, but provocative information reported in this book suggests that astrocytes, and possibly oligodendrocytes, contribute to activity-dependent structural plasticity in the adult brain. Another issue that has long attracted the interest of neuroscientists is the low regenerative potential of the adult central nervous system of mammals. This is par ticularly relevant to situations involving traumatic lesions (Part IV). CNS regeneration is limited both by the low intrinsic regenerative potential of adult CNS neurons and the inhibitory influences of the glial and extracellular environment. Moreover, incomplete remyelination, which is one of the main reasons for clinical deficits in demyelinating dis eases such as multiple sclerosis, is attributed to a depletion of oligodendrocyte progeni tor cells at the remyelination site. The use of animal models has long been a powerful tool for understanding the etiopathology of human diseases. Additionally, the implementation of transgenic mice with gain or loss of function mutations has contributed enormously to the unraveling certain key genes involved in human demyelinating diseases and other peripheral neu ropathies as analyzed in Part V. Neurotrophins, neuregulins, and adhesion molecules are important for gliogenesis, migration, and differentiation and constitute slow surface signals in neuron-glial interac tions. The importance of these molecules in normal and pathological conditions are discussed in Part VI. Finally, Part VII deals with connexins and information transfer through glia. Potas sium ions, Ca++ waves, and various metabolic substrates are transferred through connexin made gap-junction channels connecting glial cells in many parts of the central and periph eral nervous systems. This syncytium-like structure is important for the transfer of infor mation from, for example, one part of the brain to another, or for the evacuation of excess extracellular K+ that has accumulated in a very active cortical area during a transient paroxysmal state. The consequences of impaired gap junctional communication in glial cells and their contribution to pathological conditions are also discussed in this section. The overall theme concerning The Functional Roles of Glial Cells in Health and Disease: Dialogue between Glia and Neurons is explored from different directions and points of view, illustrating our considerable knowledge in this expanding field. Rebecca Matsas Marco Tsacopoulos CONTENTS Part I. Glial Cell Development 1. Developmental Regulation in the Schwann Cell Lineage 3 K. R. Jessen and R. Mirsky 2. Transcriptional Regulation of the POU Gene Oct-6 in Schwann Cells .............................................. 13 Wim Mandemakers, Ronald Zwart, Robert Kraay, Gerard Grosveld, Anneke Graus Martine Jaegle, Ludo Broos, and Dies Meijer 3. Glia Development in the Embryonic CNS of Drosophila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Christian KHimbt, Kristina Schimmelpfeng, and Thomas Hummel 4. Role and Mechanism of Action of Glial Cell Deficient/Glial Cell Missing (Glide/gcm), the Fly Glial Promoting Factor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 A. A. Miller, R. Bernardoni, C. Hindelang, M. Kammerer, S. Sorrentino, V. Van de Bor, and A. Giangrande Part II. Glia in Neurotransmission, Neuromodulation, and Neuron Survival 5. Expression and Functional Analysis of Glutamate Receptors in Glial Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Daniele F. Condorelli, Fiorenzo Conti, Vittorio Gallo, Frank Kirchhoff, Gerald Seifert, Christian Steinhauser, Alex Verkhratsky, and Xiaoqing Yuan 6. Astrocytes as Active Participants of Glutamatergic Function and Regulators of Its Homeostasis ................................ 69 Paola Bezzi, Sabino Vesce, Patrizia Panzarasa, and Andrea Volterra 7. Glia-Neuron Interaction by High-Affinity Glutamate Transporters in Neurotransmission .......................................... 81 Thomas Rauen, Frauke Fischer, and Michael Wiessner vii viii Contents 8. On How Altered Glutamate Homeostasis May Contribute to Demyelinating Diseases of the CNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Carlos Matute, Maria Domercq, David J. Fogarty, Maria Pascual de Zulueta, and Maria Victoria Sanchez-Gomez 9. Possible Role of Microglial Prostanoids and Free Radicals in Neuroprotection and Neurodegeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Luisa Minghetti, Elisabetta Polazzi, Alessia Nicolini, Anita Greco, and Giulio Levi Part III. Glia, Inflammation, and Cytokines 10. The Role of Microglia and Astrocytes in CNS Immune Surveillance and Immunopathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Francesca Aloisi 11. The Role of Chemokines in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis 135 N. Woodroofe, A. K. Cross, K. Harkness, and J. E. Simpson 12. Humoral and Cellular Immune Functions of Cytokine-Treated Schwann Cells .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Gisela Wohlleben, Hans-Peter Hartung, and Ralf Gold 13. Axotomy-Induced Glial Reactions in Normal and Cytokine Transgenic Mice ............................................ 157 B. Finsen, M. B. Jensen, N. D. Lomholt, 1. V. Hegelund, F. R. Poulsen, and T. Owens Part IV. Glia in CNS Plasticity and Regeneration 14. Contribution of Astrocytes to Activity-Dependent Structural Plasticity in the Adult Brain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Dionysia T. Theodosis and Dominique A. Poulain 15. The Role of Oligodendrocytes and Oligodendrocyte Progenitors in CNS Remyelination ......................................... 183 Hans S. Keirstead and William F. Blakemore 16. Growth Promoting and Inhibitory Effects of Glial Cells in the Mammalian Nervous System ................................. 199 Sabine Hirsch and Mathias Biihr 17. Neurite Outgrowth Inhibitors in Gliotic Tissue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Manuel Nieto-Sampedro Part V. Transgenic Models of Human Myelin Diseases 18. Connexin32 in Hereditary Neuropathies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Dirk H. H. Neuberg and Ueli Suter Contents ix 19. Genetic Analysis of Myelin Galactolipid Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Brian Popko, Jeffrey L. Dupree, Timothy Coetzee, Kinuko Suzuki, and Kunihiko Suzuki 20. Transgenic Models of TNF Induced Demyelination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Katerina Akassoglou, Jan Bauer, George Kassiotis, Hans Lassmann, George Kollias, and Lesley Probert 21. Dysmyelination in Mice and the Proteolipid Protein Gene Family 261 L. Dimou, M. Klugmann, H. Werner, M. Jung, I. R. Griffiths, and K.-A. Nave Part VI. Neuron-Glial Communicatiou: Neurotrophins and Cell Adhesion Molecules 22. Neurotrophins in Cell SurvivallDeath Decisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 P. Casaccia-Bonnefil, C. Gu, and M. V. Chao 23. Neuregulin in Neuron/Glial Interactions in the Central Nervous System: GGF2 Diminishes Autoimmune Demyelination, Promotes Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Expansion, and Enhances Remyelination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Mark A. Marchionni, Barbara Cannella, Carolyn Hoban, Yan-Ling Gao, Renee Garcia-Arenas, Deborah Lawson, Elizebeth Happel, Florence Noel, Philip Tofilon, David Gwynne, and Cedric S. Raine 24. Adhesion Molecule Expression and Phenotype of Glial Cells in the Olfactory Tract .......................................... 297 Susan C. Barnett and Isabelle A. Franceschini 25. Bidirectional Signaling between Neurons and Glial Cells via the F3 Neuronal Adhesion Molecule .............................. 309 Jean-Michel Revest, Catherine Faivre-Sarrailh, Melitta Schachner, and Genevieve Rougon Part VII. Connexins and Information Transfer through Glia 26. Connexins and Information Transfer through Glia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Roberto Bruzzone and Christian Giaume 27. Gap Junctions in Glia: Types, Roles, and Plasticity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 David C. Spray, Heather S. Duffy, and Eliana Scemes 28. Metabolic Coupling and the Role Played by Astrocytes in Energy Distribution and Homeostasis ......................... 361 Jose M. Medina, Christian Giaume, and Arantxa Tabernero x Contents 29. Consequences of Impaired Gap Junctional Communication in Glial Cells ................................................. 373 Christian C. G. Naus, Mahmud Bani-Yaghoub, Walter Rushlow, and John F. Bechberger List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 Index............................................................... 387
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