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The Fukushima Daiichi Accident PDF

238 Pages·2015·7.88 MB·English
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T h e F u k u s h i m a D a i i c h i A c c i d e n t The Fukushima Daiichi Accident Technical Volume 1/5 T e c Description and Context of the Accident h n i c a l V o l u m e 1 / 5 D e s c r i p t i o n a n d C o n t e x t o f t h e A c c i d PO Box 100, Vienna International Centre e n 1400 Vienna, Austria t 1 Printed in Austria ISBN 978–92–0–107015–9 (set) THE FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI ACCIDENT TECHNICAL VOLUME 1 DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT OF THE ACCIDENT i The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GERMANY OMAN ALBANIA GHANA PAKISTAN ALGERIA GREECE PALAU ANGOLA GUATEMALA PANAMA ARGENTINA GUYANA PAPUA NEW GUINEA ARMENIA HAITI PARAGUAY AUSTRALIA HOLY SEE PERU AUSTRIA HONDURAS PHILIPPINES AZERBAIJAN HUNGARY POLAND BAHAMAS ICELAND PORTUGAL BAHRAIN INDIA QATAR BANGLADESH INDONESIA REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BELARUS IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF ROMANIA BELGIUM IRAQ RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELIZE IRELAND RWANDA BENIN ISRAEL SAN MARINO BOLIVIA, PLURINATIONAL ITALY SAUDI ARABIA STATE OF JAMAICA SENEGAL BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA JAPAN SERBIA BOTSWANA JORDAN SEYCHELLES BRAZIL KAZAKHSTAN SIERRA LEONE BRUNEI DARUSSALAM KENYA SINGAPORE BULGARIA KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SLOVAKIA BURKINA FASO KUWAIT SLOVENIA BURUNDI KYRGYZSTAN SOUTH AFRICA CAMBODIA LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC SPAIN CAMEROON REPUBLIC SRI LANKA CANADA LATVIA SUDAN CENTRAL AFRICAN LEBANON SWAZILAND REPUBLIC LESOTHO SWEDEN CHAD LIBERIA SWITZERLAND CHILE LIBYA SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CHINA LIECHTENSTEIN TAJIKISTAN COLOMBIA LITHUANIA THAILAND CONGO LUXEMBOURG THE FORMER YUGOSLAV COSTA RICA MADAGASCAR REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAWI TOGO CROATIA MALAYSIA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CUBA MALI TUNISIA CYPRUS MALTA TURKEY CZECH REPUBLIC MARSHALL ISLANDS UGANDA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITANIA OF THE CONGO MAURITIUS UKRAINE DENMARK MEXICO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DJIBOUTI MONACO UNITED KINGDOM OF DOMINICA MONGOLIA GREAT BRITAIN AND DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONTENEGRO NORTHERN IRELAND ECUADOR MOROCCO UNITED REPUBLIC EGYPT MOZAMBIQUE OF TANZANIA EL SALVADOR MYANMAR UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ERITREA NAMIBIA URUGUAY ESTONIA NEPAL UZBEKISTAN ETHIOPIA NETHERLANDS VENEZUELA, BOLIVARIAN FIJI NEW ZEALAND REPUBLIC OF FINLAND NICARAGUA VIET NAM FRANCE NIGER YEMEN GABON NIGERIA ZAMBIA GEORGIA NORWAY ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. THE FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI ACCIDENT TECHNICAL VOLUME 1 DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT OF THE ACCIDENT iii COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non- commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria Fax: +43 1 2600 29302 Tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 Email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books ©IAEA, 2015 Printed by the IAEA in Austria August 2015 STI/PUB/1710 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data The Fukushima Daiichi accident — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2015. v. ; 30 cm. STI/PUB/1710 ISBN 978–92–0–107015–9 (set) Includes bibliographical references. 1. Nuclear reactor accidents — Analysis. 2. Nuclear power plants — Accidents — Analysis. 3. Nuclear reactor accidents — Japan — Fukushima-ken. 4. Radioactive pollution — Health aspects — Japan — Fukushima-ken. 5. Radioactive waste management. 6. Emergency management. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEAL 15–00988 EDITORIAL NOTE This publication has been prepared from contributions submitted by many international experts to the five Working Groups for the preparation of the technical volumes. The content does not necessarily reflect the views of IAEA Member States, or the organizations nominating experts. Great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information contained in this publication. Neither the IAEA, nor its Member States, however, assume any responsibility for consequences that may arise from its use, nor are any warranties made of any kind in connection with this publication. This publication is not intended to address issues of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person or entity. Extracts from this publication may be freely used elsewhere, provided that acknowledgement of the source is made. If any attribution in this publication indicates that the information (including photographs and graphics) is from a source or site external to the IAEA, permission for reuse must be sought from the originating source. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the IAEA as to the legal status of such countries or territories, or of the delimitation of their boundaries, or of their authorities and institutions. The mentioning of names of specific companies or products, whether or not indicated as registered, does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The IAEA assumes no responsibility for the accuracy or continued existence of URLs for external or third party Internet web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Financial assistance was provided by Canada, Japan, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. In-kind contributions were received from Argentina, Australia, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, China, Cuba, the Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, the Philippines, Poland, the Russian Federation, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United Republic of Tanzania and the United States of America. In-kind contributions were also received from the European Commission, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the International Commission on Radiological Protection, the International Labour Organization, the International Nuclear Safety Group, the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, the World Association of Nuclear Operators and the World Meteorological Organization. The Government of Japan provided invaluable support by making available a considerable amount of information, arranging for Japanese experts to support the work on the report and ensuring logistical assistance for bilateral meetings in Japan. The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation supported the IAEA by sharing the relevant database of references from its 2013 report and allowing information and figures from this report to be reproduced. The IAEA thanks the large number of experts who were involved in this report. It is the result of the dedicated efforts of many people. All participants listed at the end of this technical volume made valuable contributions, but a particularly heavy load was borne by the Co-Chairs and coordinators of the working groups. The efforts of many expert reviewers, including members of the International Technical Advisory Group, are also gratefully acknowledged. vi THE REPORT ON THE FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI ACCIDENT At the IAEA General Conference in September 2012, the Director General announced that the IAEA would prepare a report on the Fukushima Daiichi accident. He later stated that this report would be “an authoritative, factual and balanced assessment, addressing the causes and consequences of the accident, as well as lessons learned”.1 The report is the result of an extensive international collaborative effort involving five working groups with about 180 experts from 42 Member States (with and without nuclear power programmes) and several international bodies. This ensured a broad representation of experience and knowledge. An International Technical Advisory Group provided advice on technical and scientific issues. A Core Group, comprising IAEA senior level management, was established to give direction and to facilitate the coordination and review. Additional internal and external review mechanisms were also instituted. The organizational structure for the preparation of this publication is illustrated in Fig. 1. FIG. 1. IAEA organizational structure for the preparation of the report on The Fukushima Daiichi Accident. The Report by the Director General consists of an Executive Summary and a Summary Report. It draws on five detailed technical volumes prepared by international experts and on the contributions of the many experts and international bodies involved. The five technical volumes are for a technical audience that includes the relevant authorities in IAEA Member States, international organizations, nuclear regulatory bodies, nuclear power plant operating organizations, designers of nuclear facilities and other experts in matters relating to nuclear power. 1 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Introductory Statement to Board of Governors (2013), https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/statements/introductory-statement-board-governors-3. vii The relationship between the content of the Report by the Director General and the content of the technical volumes is illustrated in Fig. 2. FIG. 2. Structure of the Summary Report and its relationship to the content of the technical volumes. viii CONTENTS DESCRIPTION AND CONTEXT OF THE ACCIDENT ..................................................................................... 1  1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 1  1.1. SUMMARY OF THE ACCIDENT ............................................................................................................. 2  1.1.1. Main occurrences ............................................................................................................................... 3  1.1.2. Accident initiation and response ........................................................................................................ 5  1.1.3. Progression of the accident .............................................................................................................. 16  1.1.4. Stabilization ..................................................................................................................................... 32  1.2. CONTEXT WITHIN WHICH THE ACCIDENT OCCURRED ............................................................... 34  1.2.1. Nuclear industry structure ............................................................................................................... 34  1.2.2. Governmental, legal and regulatory framework of nuclear safety prior to the accident .................. 42  1.2.3. Stakeholder involvement and public communication ...................................................................... 53  1.2.4. Training and qualification ............................................................................................................... 55  1.2.5. Characteristics of the Fukushima Daiichi site ................................................................................. 59  1.2.6. Description of the Fukushima Daiichi plant systems ...................................................................... 64  1.2.7. Plant resources and capacity at the time of the accident .................................................................. 81  1.3. ONSET AND PROGRESSION OF THE ACCIDENT ............................................................................. 86  1.3.1. Onset of the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi NPP ...................................................................... 86  1.3.2. Sequence of events at Fukushima Daiichi Units 1–3 ....................................................................... 91  1.3.3. Sequence of events for the Fukushima Daiichi units in the outage (Units 4–6) ............................ 119  1.3.4. Sequence of events in the common spent fuel pool ....................................................................... 130  1.3.5. Sequence of events for the dry cask storage facilities ................................................................... 131  1.3.6. Sequence of events for the Fukushima Daini Units ....................................................................... 131  1.3.7. Site to site event comparison ......................................................................................................... 133  1.4. RADIONUCLIDE INVENTORY AND RELEASES ............................................................................. 134  1.4.1. Fukushima Daiichi Units 1–3 radionuclide core inventories at the time of accident..................... 135  1.4.2. Radionuclide release mechanisms .................................................................................................. 142  1.4.3. Amount of radionuclides released ................................................................................................. 148  1.4.4. Atmospheric release ...................................................................................................................... 149  1.4.5. Groundwater and ocean release ..................................................................................................... 154  1.4.6. Additional radiological release since the accident ......................................................................... 158  1.5. ACTIONS BY ORGANIZATIONS OTHER THAN TEPCO ................................................................. 163  1.5.1. Structure and interactions of on-site and off-site organizations .................................................... 163  1.5.2. Actions by the Prime Minister’s Office and METI ....................................................................... 166  1.5.3. Actions by NISA and the NSC ...................................................................................................... 171  1.5.4. Actions by the local governments .................................................................................................. 173  1.5.5. Actions by international entities .................................................................................................... 174  1.6. ACTIONS TAKEN IN THE AFTERMATH OF THE ACCIDENT ....................................................... 179  1.6.1. Actions taken towards stabilization and restoration of the Fukushima Daiichi units .................... 179  1.6.2. Actions towards a mid-term and long term roadmap for decommissioning .................................. 185  1.6.3. Government/regulatory actions ..................................................................................................... 189  1.6.4. Other events at the Fukushima Daiichi site following the accident ............................................... 193  1.6.5. International actions ...................................................................................................................... 195  REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................... 203  CONTENTS OF CD-ROM ................................................................................................................................ 216 ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................................ 217  CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW ........................................................................................ 221  INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL ADVISORY GROUP ................................................................................ 224  MEETINGS ........................................................................................................................................................ 225  ix

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Volume 1/5. Description and Context of the Accident. 1. The Fukushima Daiichi Accident virtual intellectual property. All participants listed at the end of this technical volume made valuable operating procedures (AOPs) for a 'Natural Event' and a 'Turbine and Electrical Incident' in all three.
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