The Freud Files: An Inquiry into the History of Psychoanalysis PDF
Preview The Freud Files: An Inquiry into the History of Psychoanalysis
THE FREUD FILES How did psychoanalysis attain its prominent cultural position? How did it eclipserivalpsychologiesandpsychotherapies,suchthatitbecamenatural tobracketFreudwithCopernicusandDarwin?WhydidFreud‘triumph’to suchadegreethatwehardlyrememberhisrivals?Thisbookreconstructsthe earlycontroversiesaroundpsychoanalysis,andshowsthatratherthandem- onstrating its superiority, Freud and his followers rescripted history. This legend-makingwasnotanincidentaladditiontopsychoanalytictheorybut formed its core. Letting the primary material speak for itself, this history demonstratestheextraordinaryapparatusbywhichthiswould-bescienceof psychoanalysis installed itself in contemporary societies. Beyond psycho- analysis, itopensupthehistoryoftheconstitutionofthemodernpsycho- logicalsciencesandpsychotherapies,howtheyfurnishedtheideaswhichwe haveofourselves,andhowthesebecamesolidifiedintoindisputable‘facts’. mikkelborch-jacobsenisProfessorofFrenchandComparativeLiterature attheUniversityofWashington.Heistheauthorofhighlyinfluentialbooks onthetheoryandhistoryofpsychoanalysis,andco-authorofthebest-selling Lelivrenoirdelapsychanalyse(TheBlackBookofPsychoanalysis). sonushamdasaniisPhilemonProfessorofJungHistoryattheCentrefor theHistoryofPsychologicalDisciplinesatUniversityCollegeLondon,and iswidelyregardedastheleadingJunghistorianatworktoday.Hisnumerous bookshavebeentranslatedintomanylanguages,andhismostrecentedited work, C.G. Jung’s The Red Book. Liber Novus (2009), was awarded the Heritage Award from the New York Book Show for the best book in the lasttwenty-fiveyears. BooksbybothauthorshavebeenrecipientsoftheGradivaAwardfromthe NationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofPsychoanalysis. The Freud Files: An Inquiry into the History of Psychoanalysis Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen and Sonu Shamdasani cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,SãoPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb28ru,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521729789 ©MikkelBorch-JacobsenandSonuShamdasani2012 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2012 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Borch-Jacobsen,Mikkel. TheFreudfiles:aninquiryintothehistoryofpsychoanalysis/MikkelBorch-Jacobsen andSonuShamdasani. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn978-0-521-72978-9(pbk.) 1. Psychoanalysis–History. 2. Freud,Sigmund,1856–1939. I. Shamdasani,Sonu, 1962– II. Title. bf173.b68127 2012 150.1905209–dc23 2011020724 isbn978-0-521-50990-9Hardback isbn978-0-521-72978-9Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. For Charlotte and Maggie Contents Acknowledgements pageix Introduction:thepastofanillusion 1 WaitingforDarwin 3 ‘Thepowerful,ineradicableFreudlegend’ 12 Openingtheblackbox 16 Freudwars 24 1 Privatisingscience 30 ‘Psychoanalysisismycreation’ 33 Thepoliticsofself-analysis 39 Thepoliticsofreplication 54 FreudInc. 75 Theimmaculateconception 104 2 Theinterprefactionofdreams 116 Theimmaculateinduction 119 Themanufactureoffantasy 146 AirbrushingBreuer 159 3 Casehistories 179 ‘Thefamouspaddeddoor...’ 183 Narratingtheunconscious 192 Themindreader 199 Freeindirectstyle 204 vii viii Contents * Whospeaks? 208 Theprettypostalworkerandtheunscrupulousgambler 213 ThereturnoftheWolfMan 223 Freudthenovelist? 230 4 Policingthepast 235 Kürzungsarbeit 237 Abiographyinsearchofanauthor 256 TheJonesbiography:thedefinitiveformofthelegend 267 ‘Topsecret’ 286 Coda:whatwaspsychoanalysis? 300 Notes 308 Bibliography 362 Indexofnames 397 Acknowledgements Thisbookbeganin1993asaninquiryintoFreudhistoriansandtheirwork. WehadbecomeawareoftheupheavalsthathadaffectedFreudstudiessince the 1970s, which were completely transforming how one understood psy- choanalysis and its origins. Intrigued by the new histories of the Freudian movement,wedecidedtointerviewthekeyplayerstogathertheirtestimo- niesinacollectivevolume.Theseinterviewsweretranscribedandannotated (we reproduce a few excerpts in the following), but the volume itself remained unfinished, for in the meantime our investigation had changed.1 Quitequickly,itbecameapparentthatitwasnotpossibletosituateourselves withtheneutralityandironicdetachmentthatwehadinitiallyadopted.The stakesweretoohigh,andtoomuchremainedtoberesearchedandverified before one could attempt to pass judgment on the endless controversies around psychoanalysis. Instead of describing them from the outside, we becamedrawnin,andhereputforwardourowncontributiontothehistory oftheFreudianmovement. Thisbookistheproductofthisengagement,butalsoanattempttoregain, throughhistoricalreflection,someofthedistancethatweatfirstmaintained towardsourobjectofstudy.Wewantedtostudythehistoryofthehistoryof psychoanalysisandtounderstand better thebasicissuesofthisfascinating andconflictualfield–fascinatingbecauseoftheconflict.Wewanted,inthe end,todrawconsequencesfromhistoricalcriticismfortheunderstandingof this strange movement. For any reckoning with the status of psychology, psychiatry and psychotherapy in today’s societies at some point requires comingtotermswithFreudandhislegacy. We would like to thank all those who accompanied us in this task and aboveallthehistorianswhoagreedtobeinterviewed.Manybecamefriends (whentheywerenotalready)andguidesintheminefieldsofFreudstudies: Ernst Falzeder,DidierGille,HanIsraëls,Mark S.Micale,KarinObholzer, Paul Roazen, François Roustang, Élisabeth Roudinesco, Richard Skues, ix x Acknowledgements * Anthony Stadlen, Isabelle Stengers, Frank J. Sulloway, Peter J. Swales. Manyothersdeserveourgratitudefortheirhelp,hospitality,advice,support andcriticisms:VincentBarras,BillBynum,HenryCohen,FrederickCrews, ToddDufresne,JacquesGasser,AngelaGraf-Nold,HenriGrivois,Malcolm ‘Mac’Macmillan,PatrickMahony,GeorgeMakari,MichaelNeve,Enrique Pardo,EugeneTaylor,MarvinW.Kranz,FernandoVidal,JulietteVieljeux andTomWallace.Wealsothankthoseinthepublicandprivatearchivesthat weworkedinfortheirassistance.WewouldliketothankPhilippePignarre, editor and friend, for his immediate interest in the project and valuable adviceduringthefinalstagesofitscomposition.AtCambridge University Press,wewouldliketothankAndyPeartfortakingontheproject,andHetty Marxforherpatiencewiththeendlessdelays. TheFrencheditionofthisworkappearedfromÉditionsduSeuilin2006. This edition has been revised and rewritten. We would like to thank John Peck for his editorial suggestions and Kelly S. Walsh for providing draft translations of chapter 3, and sections of chapters 2 and 4. His work on chapter 3 was made possible by a grant from the Graduate School of the UniversityofWashington,whichisgratefullyacknowledged. Citations from Anna Freud are reproduced with the authorisation of the heirsofAnnaFreud©2000theestateofAnnaFreud,byarrangementwith Mark Patterson and Associates. Translations of citations from French and Germanareourown.Insomeplaces,translationsfromtheStandardEdition of Freud’s works have been modified. Responsibility for views expressed hereisourown. Introduction: the past of an illusion The history of the World, I said already, was the Biography of Great Men. Carlyle(1959[1841]),251 Vienna, 1916. Freud decided to canonise himself. In front of the audience which had come to hear the eighteenth of his Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis, given at the University of Vienna, the founder of psychoanalysis undertook to indicate his place in the historyofhumanity. Sigmund Freud: But in thus emphasizing the unconscious in mental life we have conjured up the most evil spirits of criticism against psycho-analysis. Do not besurprised atthis, anddo notsuppose that the resistance to us rests only on the understandable difficulty of the unconscious or the relative inaccessibility of the experiences which provideevidenceofit.Itssource,Ithink,liesdeeper.Inthecourseof centuries the naive self-love of men has had to submit to two major blowsatthehandsofscience.Thefirstwaswhentheylearntthatour earthwasnotthecenteroftheuniversebutonlyatinyfragmentofa cosmicsystemofscarcelyimaginablevastness.Thisisassociatedinour minds with the name of Copernicus, though something similar had already been asserted by Alexandrian science. The second blow fell whenbiologicalresearchdestroyedman’ssupposedlyprivilegedplace 1
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