The four cardinal virtues: Prudence, Justice, Fortitude, Temperance PDF
Preview The four cardinal virtues: Prudence, Justice, Fortitude, Temperance
^.! f, ''*'':^fi&;il;^'YMV'; :"ta? .Iif....ilt'I( JOSEF PIEPER THE FOUR CARDINAL VIRTUES Prudence., justice, Fortitude, Temperance Characteristic of all the writings o Josef Pieper is his ability to discuss the Christian virtues in a way which is atonce abstract and concrete, theoretical and practical. The argu- mentofthismodernThomist appears tomove witheffortless ease anduntroubled lucidity on the highest plane ofabstraction. Yet from this altitude he throws a brilliant light upon the problems,personal, social, andpolitical,which none of us in ourdaily lives can escape. This volume brings together, in revised formandwithanewiuUeduction,Di.Pieper's four studies of the cardinalvirtues, previously published in separate volumes. Prudence, Jus- tia Fortitude, and Temperance were con- , sidered by T~fiert rnd Chiiat"an philosophy as basic to right conduct. Dr. Pieper redefines the original significance of these virtues and their i uerreladon, and brings them close to readers today. Translated by Richard and Clara Winston, LawrenceE. Lynch, andDanielF. Coogan JACKETDESIGNBYELLENRASKIN A HELEN AND KURT WOLFF BOOK HARCOURT, BRACE WORLD, INC. fe 757 THIRD AVE^Tii, NEW YORK, N T <)Ol7 n DDD1 03cIB7i fi P6lf 21H Kansas city public library ~~~== .31 Kansas city, missouri Books will be issued only on presentation of library card. Please report lost cards change of residence promptly. Card holders are responsible for all books, records, films, pictures or other library materials checked out on their cards. AHelenandKurtWolffBook Harcourt,Brace& World,Inc.,NewYork The Four Cardinal Virtues PRUDENCE JUSTICE FORTITUDE TEMPERANCE PIEPER JOSEF Copyright1954, 1955,1959byPantheonBooksInc. Copyright 1965byHarcourt,Brace&World,Inc. Allrights reserved. LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:65-14713 FIRSTEDITION The studies united here in one volume were published sepa- ratelyinthis sequence: Fortitudeand Temperunce 1954 Jttstice 1955 Prudence 1959 First published in Germany under the titles, Vom Sinn der Tapferkeit, Zuchtund Mass, Uber die Gerechtigkeit, Traktat iiber die Klugbeit, by Kosel-Verlag. The present edition was editedbytheauthorandslightlycuttoavoidrepetitions;notes andsource references havebeen deleted. All quotations in the textare taken from worksofThomas Aquinas,unlessthe au- thoris otherwise identified. PrudenceisatranslationofTraktatiiberdieKlugheit,andwas translated byRichard and Clara Winston. JusticeisatranslationofUberdieGerechtigkeit,andwastrans- latedbyLawrenceE. Lynch. Fortitudeisatranslationof VomSinnderTapferkeit, andwas translated byDaniel F. Coogan. TemperanceisatranslationofZuchtundMass,andwastrans- lated byDanielF. Coogan. To the memory ofmy son THOMAS PIEPER who,asayoungscientist, 'went totheUnitedStatesinSeptember1963, andsuddenlydiedthereon July 24, 1964. CONTENTS The Effecton the StatusofTibet 43 Events Leading to the Third Expedition 46 Changes in the Status of Tibet after the Third Expedition 48 Events Leading to the Conquest of Nepal 51 Exercise of Full Chinese Sovereignty in Tibet 53 Imperial Authority on the Decline 59 China Attempts to Resume Full Sovereignty in Tibet 65 IV. TIBETAS A BUFFER STATE 70 Early Contact with the West 70 Futile Efforts of the English to Open Tibet 71 Tibetan Reaction to the Approach of the British 75 Events Leading to the British Expedition 79 Lord Curzon's Altered or Forward Policy 81 Dispatch of the British Armed Mission 87 Lhasa Reached and a Convention Imposed 92 The Convention Amended in Deference to London 97 Authority The New Status Created by the Lhasa Arrangement 101 Chinese Adherence to the Lhasa Convention 107 Trade Regulations Signed by Anglo-Chinese Plenipotenti- aries and the Tibetan Delegate 114 Trade Regulations Signed by Anglo-Chinese Plenipotenti- Russian Convention 118 The Anglo-Russian Convention's Effect on British-Russian Mutual Dealings and Respective Conduct 124 V. TIBET UNDER THE REPUBLICAN REGIME 130 Negotiations Leading to the Simla Conference 130 The Simla Conference and Its Failure 135 Renewed Bargaining between Russia and Britain 142 Renewed Negotiations under British Pressure 144 The Panch'en Lama's Flight to China Proper 147 The Dalai Lama Turning Strongly Away from Britain toward China 148
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