THE FORTUNES OF AFRICA Martin Meredith is a journalist, biographer, and historian who has written extensively on Africa and its recent history. His previous books include Mandela; Mugabe; Diamonds, Gold, and War; Born in Africa; and The Fate of Africa. He lives near Oxford, England. Copyright © 2014 by Martin Meredith. First published in Great Britain by Simon & Schuster UK Ltd, 2014 A CBS COMPANY Published in 2014 in the United States by PublicAffairs™, a Member of the Perseus Books Group All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address PublicAffairs, 250 West 57th Street, 15th Floor, New York, NY 10107. PublicAffairs books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the U.S. by corporations, institutions, and other organizations. For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department at the Perseus Books Group, 2300 Chestnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19103, call (800) 810-4145, ext. 5000, or e-mail [email protected]. Maps by ML Design Typeset in the UK by M Rules Library of Congress Control Number: 2014939816 ISBN 978-1-61039-460-4 (EB) First Edition 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTENTS List of Maps Preface Introduction PART I 1 Land of the Pharaohs 2 Venture into the Interior 3 A Clash of Empires 4 Death on the Nile 5 Roman Interlude PART II 6 Saints and Schisms 7 The Arab Conquest 8 Highways of the Desert 9 Zanj PART III 10 A Chain of Crosses 11 In the Land of Prester John 12 The Middle Passage 13 Southern Frontiers PART IV 14 Mamluks and Ottomans 15 The Black Guard 16 The Sword of Truth 17 A Matter of Faith PART V 18 The Gates of Africa 19 The Pasha 20 Pieds Noirs 21 Bibles, Ploughs and Bullets PART VI 22 Masters and Servants 23 The People of the Heavens 24 Republics on the Highveld 25 The Missionaries’ Road PART VII 26 The Tunes of Zanzibar 27 Unlocking the Congo 28 The Pearl of Africa 29 A Game of Thrones PART VIII 30 The Khedive 31 Equatoria 32 Delegate of the People 33 The Expected One PART IX 34 Diamond Fever 35 The Fellowship of Afrikaners 36 The Washing of Spears 37 A Chosen People 38 The Most Powerful Company in the World PART X 39 This Magnificent Cake 40 Spheres of Interest 41 The Eagle and the Lion 42 Carving up the Niger 43 By Right of Conquest PART XI 44 New Flower 45 Omdurman 46 A Desert Fraternity PART XII 47 Bula Matari 48 The Rubber Regime PART XIII 49 A Tale of Two Towns 50 The Road to Ophir 51 Marching to Pretoria 52 The Extermination Order PART XIV 53 Interregnum 54 A Veiled Protectorate 55 Elect of God 56 The Goal of Mastery 57 The Turn of the Tide PART XV 58 Before the Deluge 59 Revolution on the Nile 60 The Nationalist Urge 61 Gone with the Wind 62 ‘An Honourable Exit’ 63 The Congo Bet 64 In the Name of Apartheid PART XVI 65 The First Dance of Freedom 66 Coups and Dictators 67 Lost Decades 68 Liberation Wars 69 In Search of Democracy 70 Soldiers of God 71 Platinum Life Chapter Notes Picture Permissions Select Bibliography Index