The Formation and Early Evolution of Stars: From Dust to Stars and Planets

530 Pages·2012·13.042 MB·English

by  Norbert S. Schulz (auth.)

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•
Norbert S. Schulz
The Formation and Early
Evolution of Stars
From Dust to Stars and Planets
Second Edition
123
NorbertS.Schulz
MassachusettsInst.Technology
KavliInstituteforAstrophysicsandSpaceResearch
Cambridge,Massachusetts
USA
ISSN0941-7834
ISBN978-3-642-23925-0 ISBN978-3-642-23926-7(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-23926-7
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2012938880
(cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2012,2005
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Cover figure: The large-scale view of the giant hydrogen cloud and starforming region IC 1396 on
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To Erin,myfamily,andfriends
•
Preface to the Second Edition
HalfadecadeafterthefirstpublicationofFromDusttoStarstherehasbeenrapid
and enormous progress in the field of stellar formation and evolution warranting
a second edition. After a first review it became clear that the vast majority of the
materialscoveredinthefirsteditionremainverymuchvalid;however,theneedfor
manyupdatesandextensionsbecameobvious.Inthatrespectthebasicstructureand
contentofthebookhasremainedintactandexistingchaptershavereceivedupdates
atvariouslevelsnecessary.Threechaptershavebeenaddedcoveringmultiplicityin
starformation(Chapter7),massivestarformation(Chapter9),anda summaryon
thedetectionofexoplanetsandbasicplanetformation(Chapter13).Twochapters
havereceivedmajoradditions,othersjustupdatesandminorrevisions.Theoverall
changesintheframeworkofthepublicationalsosuggestedaswitchintitletoThe
Formation and Early Evolution of Stars with the subtitle From Dust to Stars and
Planetstoalsoacknowledgetheextensiontowardsplanetformation.
Chapter3oninterstellarmatternowtreatssomebasicphysicsaboutheatingand
cooling processes, cosmic rays, and radiative properties of dust. The issue of the
mass functions also has a first discussion in that chapter, but it will re-surface at
variousoccasionsthroughoutthebookasitnowhasbecomeacentraltopicinthe
field. One may also wonder why there is a distinction of the initial mass function
in generaland a cluster mass function,which many studies claim to be the same,
butafterareviewofallthematerial,thejuryisstilloutonthatissue.Thechapter
alsoreceivedamuch-neededextensiontoadiscussionofstarformationratesinthe
MilkyWay,intheLocalGroup,andoncosmologicalscales.
Chapters 4, 5 and 6 have received only minor updates which might come to
manyasasurprise,giventheenormousamountofmaterialthathasbeenprovided
throughthe five yearsofcoldSpitzer operations,throughthe continuationof HST
and Chandra,and now with the availability of Herschel. However,for these three
chapters, the fundamentals have not really changed and here some updates and
selected references to these new studies seemed to suffice. Much of this material
hasmadeitswayintothebookinlaterchapters.
The first new chapter (Chapter 7) has fixed a major shortcoming of the
first edition which did not include much on multiplicity in star formation.
vii
viii PrefacetotheSecondEdition
Whiletheoryyethastoexplainbinaryformationonmostobservedscales,concepts
of fragmentation which support multiplicity have been developed. Clearly the
observationalaccountispresentandiscurrentlythefocusofmanystudies.
Chapter8againdealswithbasicphysicalphenomenainstarformationandhere
only a few additions have been made to complement existing topics such as the
layered accretion model recognizing that a lot of current research on accretion
has moved toward the evolution of proto-planetarysystems. The chapter has also
remainedrelevantprimarilyforlow-massstarformationasthefollowingChapter9
hasnowaddedmoretopicsrelatedtomassivestars.Massivestarformationhasbeen
one of the most relevanttopicsin the field for the last decade and,at the time the
firsteditionwaspublished,toomuchwasstillinflowforareliablesummary.The
secondeditionnowfillsthisvoidwithareviewcoveringtheformationofmassive
starsoverawiderangeofissuesfromadescriptionofvariousobservedearlystages
tomassivestarformationconcepts,toideasabouttheformationofthefirststars.
Chapter10nowdescribesthecontributionofX-rayastronomyandhereupdates
alsohavebeenextensive.Thetopicmorethaneverdeservesitsownchapterasthis
wavelengthbandisstillwidelyignoredbymanyinstarformationresearch.Andyet
thecontributions,specificallywiththebigobservatoriesChandraandXMM-Newton
stillavailabletothecommunity,aregrowing.Whatisalsoacknowledgedmorethan
everisthefactthathigh-energyradiationplaysacrucialroleinthetransformationof
gasaccretionto planet-formingdisks. The accountsofactive star formingregions
are growing and so is the notion that it is never a single era event but it happens
hierarchically where regions of collapsing stars are embedded in regions that are
alreadyactivelyformingplanets.HeretheChandraCarinaComplexProjectproves
tobeaninstructivestudy.
Extensive surveys by Spitzer such as GLIMPSE or the legacy program Core
to Disk contribute vastly to our understanding of the evolution of protoplanetary
nebulae and on several occasions there are references to these programs. In the
first edition the transition from accretion towards planet formation has only been
presentedas an investigationof the Sun’soriginsandthis is nowChapter12.The
discovery of so many exoplanets from the ground and now of even more from
spacewithKeplerhasledtoincreasedeffortsinthecommunity,notonlytosearch
for planets but, to study the formation and early evolution of planetary systems.
Chapter 13 thus has been added to providea most actual accountof exoplanetary
research and provide some basic introductioninto the formationof terrestrial and
giantplanets.
To reiterate what has been emphasized in the preface to the first edition for
thissecondedition,the bookincludesthecontributionsofmanyscientistsandthe
reference list grew to over 1,300 entries. And again many have helped me in the
formofdiscussions,presentations,andreviews.Mythanksforthefirsteditionalso
extend to this second edition. Specific thanks go to M. Krumholz (Santa Cruz),
J. H. Kastner (RIT), J. Winn, and P. Ford (both MIT) for scientific advice on the
new extended material, and best of all for pointing out most recent developments
I was not yet aware of. Much appreciation also goes to G. Allen and my fiance´e
Erinforveryhelpfulproof-reading,N.Shenforhereffortsonthebibliography,and
PrefacetotheSecondEdition ix
toSpringerforvaluablecommentstoimproveontheoverallcontent.Finalthanks
gotoCliveHorwood,whomIwishahappylifeafterretirement,andJohnMasonfor
gettingthissecondedition going,andRamon Khannafor managingits placement
intoSpringer’sAstronomyandAstrophysicslibrary.
This revisionalso is veryenvironmentallyfriendlyowingto the use of modern
cinema screen technology – most of the material and revised sections could be
reviewed on screen and were pretty much paper- and toner-less. In fact, the only
paper print of this manuscript came into existence for the copy-edit process at
the very end of the process. All of the referred manuscripts were read and stored
electronicallysavingmanyprecioustrees.
Massachusetts NorbertS.Schulz