The flow of ideas : Russian thought from the enlightenment to the religious-philosophical renaissance PDF
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Andrzej Walicki The Flow of Ideas Russian Thought from the Enlightenment to the Religious-Philosophical Renaissance 7 EASTERN EUROPEAN CULTURE, POLITICS AND SOCIETIES This history of Russian thought was first published in Polish in 1973 and sub- sequently appeared 2005 in a revised and expanded publication. The current volume begins with Enlightenment thought and Westernization in Russia in the 17th century and moves to the religious-philosophical renaissance of first decade of the 20th century. This book provides readers with an exhaustive account of re- lationships between various Russian thinkers with an examination of how those thinkers relate to a number of figures and trends in Western philosophy and in the broader history of ideas. Andrzej Walicki is a Polish historian, Professor Emeritus at the University of Notre Dame (USA) and a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He specializes in the history of Polish and Russian philosophy, Marxism, and liberal thought, and is associated with the Warsaw School of the History of Ideas. Walicki is the author of over twenty books. The Flow of Ideas EASTERN EUROPEAN CULTURE, POLITICS AND SOCIETIES Edited by Irena Grudzińska-Gross and Andrzej W. Tymowski VOLUME 7 Andrzej Walicki The Flow of Ideas Russian Thought from the Enlightenment to the Religious-Philosophical Renaissance Translated by Jolanta Kozak and Hilda Andrews-Rusiecka Editorial Work by Cain Elliott Bibliographic Information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data is available in the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Walicki, Andrzej. [Zarys mysli rosyjskiej. English] The flow of ideas : Russian thought from the enlightenment to the religious- philosophical renaissance / Andrzej Walicki ; translated by Jolanta Kozak and Hilda Andrews-Rusiecka ; editorial work by Cain Elliott. – 1 [edition]. pages cm. – (Eastern European culture, politics, and societies, ISSN 2192-497X ; Volume 7) ISBN 978-3-631-63668-8 1. Philosophy, Russian–History. I. Title. B4201.W3513 2014 197–dc23 2014032548 This is an academic study financed by the National Programme for the Development of Humanities of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland in 2012-2013. This publication reflects solely the views of the author. The Ministry cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. Cover illustration: Magdalena H. Gross ISSN 2192-497X ISBN 978-3-631-63668-8 (Print) E-ISBN 978-3-653-04270-2 (E-Book) DOI 10.3726/978-3-653-04270-2 © Peter Lang GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften Frankfurt am Main 2015 All rights reserved. Peter Lang Edition is an Imprint of Peter Lang GmbH. Peter Lang – Frankfurt am Main · Bern · Bruxelles · New York · Oxford · Warszawa · Wien All parts of this publication are protected by copyright. Any utilisation outside the strict limits of the copyright law, without the permission of the publisher, is forbidden and liable to prosecution. This applies in particular to reproductions, translations, microfilming, and storage and processing in electronic retrieval systems. This publication has been peer reviewed. www.peterlang.com Contents Author’s Note ........................................................................................ 13 Introductory Remarks ............................................................................ 19 PART I. FROM THE ENLIGHTENMENT TO ROMANTICISM ..................... 27 Chapter 1: Trends and Tendencies in Enlightenment Thought ..... 29 Introductory Remarks: The Paradoxes of Westernization .................... 30 Catherine II and Enlightenment Philosophy ......................................... 43 The Emergence of Professional Enlightenment Philosophy................. 52 Nikolai Novikov and Freemasonry ....................................................... 57 Mikhail Shcherbatov and the Aristocratic Opposition ......................... 69 Chapter 2: The Culmination of the Enlightenment in Russia: Aleksandr Radishchev ........................................................................ 79 Radishchev’s Life .................................................................................. 79 Radishchev’s Social Philosophy ........................................................... 83 Radishchev’s Views on Ethics and Education ...................................... 88 Radical Reform or Revolution? ............................................................ 90 The Treatise on Immortality ................................................................. 93 Chapter 3: Political Philosophy in the Age of Alexander I ............. 97 Projects of International Order .............................................................. 100 The Liberal Conceptions ....................................................................... 106 Nikolai Karamzin and Conservatism .................................................... 112 The Decembrists .................................................................................... 118 The Northern Society ...................................................................... 119 Nikolai Turgenev ............................................................................ 122 The Southern Society ...................................................................... 123 The Society of United Slavs............................................................ 126 The Decembrist Philosophy of Russian History ............................. 127 The Decembrists’ Place in the History Of Russian Thought ......... 129 Chapter 4: Anti-Enlightenment Trends in the Early Nineteenth Century ............................................................................. 131 Mysticism .............................................................................................. 132 The Ideology of an Anti-Philosophical Crusade ................................... 134 The Wisdom-Lovers and Russian Schellingianism .............................. 136 6 Ivan Kireevsky’s Young Years, or the West-Inclined Version of Philosophial Romanticism .................................................................... 143 PART II. THE REIGN OF NICHOLAS I ................................................... 145 Chapter 5: Petr Chaadaev and Religious Westernism .................... 147 Chaadaev’s Metaphysics and Philosophy of History............................ 148 Russia’s Past and Future ....................................................................... 151 Chaadaev’s First Philosophical Letter ............................................ 151 Apology of A Madman ................................................................... 154 Toward Ecumenism .............................................................................. 156 Chaadaev’s Place in Russian Intellectual History ................................ 158 Converts of The Age of Nicholas: Ivan Gagarin and Vladimir Pecherin .................................................... 159 Chapter 6: The Slavophiles and Other Versions of Anti-Westernism 167 The Slavophile Philosophy of History and Social Ideals ..................... 168 The Concept of the “Integral Personality” and “New Principles in Philosophy” ........................................................................................... 174 Slavophile Ecclesiology ........................................................................ 179 Slavophilism as Conservative Utopianism ........................................... 183 The Ideology of “Official Nationality” ................................................. 186 Tyutchev’s Imperial Vision................................................................... 191 The Evolution of Slavophilism at the Time of Great Reforms ............. 194 Chapter 7: The Russian Hegelians: From “Reconciliation with Reality” To “Philosophy of Action” .................................................. 201 Nikolai Stankevich ................................................................................ 202 Mikhail Bakunin .................................................................................... 204 Vissarion Belinsky ................................................................................ 206 Philosophical Evolution .................................................................. 207 Aesthetic and Literary Critical Views............................................. 212 Aleksandr Herzen .................................................................................. 215 Chapter 8: Belinsky and Different Variants of Westernism........... 223 Belinsky’s Westernism.......................................................................... 224 Ancient and Modern Russia ............................................................ 224 Narodnost’ And Natsional’nost’ In Literature ............................... 226 The Polemic with Maikov ............................................................... 230 The Dispute over Capitalism .......................................................... 232 7 The Liberal Westernizers ...................................................................... 234 Timotei Granovsky ......................................................................... 235 Konstantin Kavelin ......................................................................... 236 Boris Chicherin .............................................................................. 237 Chapter 9: The Petrashevtsy .............................................................. 241 Social and Political Ideas of the Petrashevtsy ....................................... 241 Philosophical Ideas of the Petrashevtsy ................................................ 246 Chapter 10: The Origins of “Russian Socialism” ............................ 251 The Evolution of Herzen’s Views ......................................................... 251 The Crisis of Belief ......................................................................... 251 The Concept of “Russian Socialism” .............................................. 254 The Destiny of the “Old World” ..................................................... 260 Freedom and Necessity ................................................................... 264 To an Old Comrade ......................................................................... 268 Nikolai Ogarev ...................................................................................... 273 PART III. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES OF THE REFORM AND COUNTERREFORM PERIOD .......................................................... 277 Chapter 11: Nikolai Chernyshevsky and the “Enlighteners” of the Sixties ............................................................................................ 279 Chernyshevsky’s Anthropological Materialism ................................... 282 Biographical Note ........................................................................... 282 Aesthetics ........................................................................................ 286 The Anthropological Principle ........................................................ 290 Russia’s Future Development ......................................................... 293 Chernyshevsky’s Place in the History of Russian Thought ............ 295 Nikolai Dobroliubov and the Dispute over the “Superfluous Men” .... 299 Dmitry Pisarev and “Nihilism” ............................................................. 306 Critics of the “Enlighteners”: Apollon Grigoriev and Nikolai Strakhov ................................................................................... 312 Reactions to the “Enlighteners” in Spiritual Academies: Pamphil Yurkevich and Fyodor Bukharev ........................................... 318 Chapter 12: Conservative Ideologies after the Land Reform ........ 329 Mikhail Katkov ..................................................................................... 331 Ivan Aksakov and Nikolai Danilevsky ................................................. 337 Konstantin Pobedonostsev .................................................................... 345 8 Konstantin Leontiev .............................................................................. 348 Chapter 13: Populist Ideologies ......................................................... 359 Introduction ........................................................................................... 359 From “Go to the People” to the “People’s Will” .................................. 362 Petr Lavrov ............................................................................................ 372 Biographical Note ........................................................................... 372 The Historical Letters ...................................................................... 374 Sociological Conceptions ................................................................ 378 Petr Tkachev .......................................................................................... 381 Nikolai Mikhailovsky ............................................................................ 388 Theory of Progress .......................................................................... 388 The “Struggle for Individuality” ..................................................... 398 The Social Content of Mikhailovsky’s Sociological Theory ......... 401 Nikolai Chaikovsky Aánd Godmanhood ............................................. 403 Chapter 14: Anarchism ...................................................................... 413 Mikhail Bakunin .................................................................................... 414 Biographical Note ........................................................................... 414 Bakunin’s Philosophical Views ...................................................... 419 Bakunin’s Social Philosophy ......................................................... 424 Petr Kropotkin ....................................................................................... 430 Biographical Note ........................................................................... 430 Kropotkin’s Philosophy of History ................................................. 432 Kropotkin’s Vision of the Future .................................................... 436 Revolution as the Test ..................................................................... 441 Chapter 15: Boris Chicherin and Conservative Liberalism ........... 447 The Tasks of Liberalism in Russia ........................................................ 449 Philosophy of the State .......................................................................... 456 Philosophy of Law ................................................................................ 460 Metaphysics and the Philosophy of History ......................................... 465 Chicherin’s Place in the History of Russian Thought ........................... 468 Chapter 16: Between Populism and Marxism.................................. 471 Plekhanov’s Road to Marxism .............................................................. 474 Aleksandr Ulianov ................................................................................ 482 “Legal Populism”: Vassily Vorontsov and Nikolai Danielson ............ 484
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