The First World War: Volume I: To Arms (First World War (Oxford Paperback)) PDF
Preview The First World War: Volume I: To Arms (First World War (Oxford Paperback))
THE FIRST WORLD WAR Volume I To Arms This page intentionally left blank T HE F I R ST W O R LD WAR Volume I To Arms H E W S T R A C H A N OXTORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OXi 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Hew Strachan 2001 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2001 First published in paperback 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted bylaw, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organizations. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose the same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Strachan, Hew. The First World War / Hew Strachan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Contents: v. 1. To arms. i. World War, 1914-1918.1. Title. 0521. S86 2001 940.3—dc2i 00-057122 ISBN 0-19-820877-4 (hbk.) ISBN 0-19-926191-1 (pbk.) 3579 10 864 Typeset by Kolam Information Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Ashford Colour Press Ltd, Gosport, Hants In memory of my grandfather, Captain F. W. Strachan, wounded, Given - chy, 14 January 1915; of his brother, Second-Lieutenant E. S. Strachan, missing presumed killed, Loos, 14 October 1915; and of Major R. B. Talbot Kelly, M C, wounded, Ypres, 5 August 1917 This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS L I S T O F M A P S X xiii INTRODUCTION 1. THE ORIGINS OF THE WAR i Germany as a World Power 1 Austria-Hungary and the Balkans 35 The July Crisis 64 2. WILLINGLY TO WAR 103 War Enthusiasm 103 Socialism and the International 111 The Imaginings of Intellectuals 133 Popular Responses 142 3. THE WESTERN FRONT IN 1914 163 War Plans 163 The Battle of the Frontiers 208 Problems, and Some Solutions 224 The Battle of the Marne 242 From the Aisne to the Yser 262 4. THE EASTERN FRONT IN 1914 281 War Plans 281 East Prussia 316 Serbia 335 Galicia 347 Poland 357 viii CONTENTS 5. THE WAR IN NORTHERN WATERS, 1914-1915 374 Preparing for War 374 The North Sea, 1914-1915 414 6. WAR IN THE PACIFIC, 1914-1917 441 Oceanic Security and the Cruiser Threat 441 Japan Enters the War 455 The Cruise of the German East Asiatic Squadron 466 Empire in the Pacific 481 7. THE DARK CONTINENT: COLONIAL CONFLICT IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 495 War in Africa 495 Togoland 505 The Cameroons 509 South-West Africa 543 East Africa, 1914-1915 569 East Africa, 1916-1918 599 8. TURKEY'S ENTRY 644 The Escape of the Goeben and the Breslau 644 Turkey's Decision to Join the Central Powers 651 Turkey's Capacity for War 680 9. GERMANY'S GLOBAL STRATEGY 694 Holy War 694 The Caucasus, 1914-1915 712 Suez, Egypt, and Libya 729 French North Africa 754 Persia and Afghanistan 770 India 791 10. FINANCING THE WAR 815 The Gold Standard 818 CONTENTS ix Financial Mobilization 833 The Loss of Budgetary Control 850 Taxation 862 Domestic Borrowing 905 Foreign Borrowing 941 11. INDUSTRIAL MOBILIZATION 993 Shell Shortage 993 The Short-War Illusion 1005 Raw Materials, Munitions Production, and the Central Powers, 1914-1916 1014 The Munitions Crisis and the Entente, 1914-1916 1049 12. CONCLUSION: THE IDEAS OF 1914 1114 BIBLIOGRAPHY 114O INDEX 1191
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