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The Fight against Human Trafficking Drivers and Spoilers Maria Ravlik The Fight against Human Trafficking Maria Ravlik The Fight against Human Trafficking Drivers and Spoilers Maria Ravlik Center for the Study of Democracy Leuphana University Lüneburg, Germany ISBN 978-3-030-33203-7 ISBN 978-3-030-33204-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33204-4 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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Cover illustration: Pattern © Melisa Hasan This Palgrave Pivot imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To mom & dad with the deepest appreciation A cknowledgements Writing this book was a challenging, yet, enriching time of my life, and I am eternally grateful to my mentors Amy Alexander and Christian Welzel for their constant support, insightful motivation, and fruitful discussions along this journey. I am also thankful to my colleagues and friends at Leuphana University for the always-inspiring discussions and extremely helpful comments: Jan Berz, Lennart Brunkert, Björn Buß, Cristina Carbonell, Franziska Deutsch, Katja Heeß, Greta Jasser, Marcus Kronfeldt, Stefan Kruse, Sybille Münch, Cemal Öztürk, Xavier Romero, Pavel Satra, Lisa Schmitz, Florian von Stern, Vera van Hüllen, and Michelangelo Vercesi. I am also beyond thankful to my colleagues from my alma mater and my second affiliation as an associate researcher—the Laboratory for Comparative Social Research: Olga Gryaznova, Ronald Inglehart, Tatiana Karabchuk, Veronika Kostenko, Maria Kravzova, Anna Nemirovskaya, Eduard Ponarin, Andrey Scherbak, Natalia Soboleva, and Boris Sokolov. I want to extend my thanks to the colleagues at Goettingen University: Tobias Jakobi and Patrick Theiner, who were supportive during the very early stages of this research. I am sure that without thefruitful discussions and constant feedback exchange with all my colleagues and mentors, this book would not exist. I also want to thank my editor Sarah Roughley, for her trust, support, and encourage- ment through the entire publication process. vii viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Finally, I want to wholeheartedly thank my family and friends: mom, dad, Oleg, Lena, Lisa, Masha, Thomas, Annika, Mai-Britt, Enrique, and Jean. Your unconditional love and support through all these years indeed contributed the most toward finishing this project. Lüneburg, Germany Maria Ravlik August 2019 A t b bout his ook This book aims to provide a quantitative, cross-nationally comparative, longitudinal, and multilevel study of the drivers and spoilers of national governments’ anti-trafficking measures. Both macro-level determinants of anti-trafficking enforcement and micro-level foundations of human trafficking are unfolded and explored. Large-N comparative research examines how characteristics of countries interact with people’s attitudes toward violence to better understand what creates environments that are more or less supportive of governments’ anti-trafficking efforts. The results presented in the book are highly relevant from the perspectives of global governance and human rights protection. ix c ontents 1 Introduction 1 Part I The Data Challenge 2 Triangulated Nexus of Anti-trafficking Enforcement 27 3 Measuring Anti-trafficking Enforcement 35 Part II Macro-level Determinants of Anti-trafficking Enforcement 4 Identifying the Global Drivers 49 5 Exploring Differences Between Countries 77 xi xii CONTENTS Part III Micro-level Foundations of Anti-trafficking Enforcement 6 Proxying a Public Policy 103 7 Explaining Tolerance of Violence 113 Part IV Conclusion 8 Conclusion 135 Appendix 147 References 207 Index 221