The Feminist Philosophy Reader - Alison Bailey

914 Pages·2013·12.94 MB·English

by  Justin Phillip Jimenez

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THE FEMINIST
PHILOSOPHY
READER
Alison Bailey and Chris Cuomo
Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA New York San Francisco St. Louis
Bangkok Bogotá Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto
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Published by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas,
New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2008. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written
consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic
storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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ISBN: 978-0-07-340739-5
MHID: 0-07-340739-9
Publisher: Lisa Moore
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Composition: 10/12 Times New Roman by ICC Macmillan, Inc.
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Credits: The credits section for this book begins on page 881 and is considered an extension of the
copyright page.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bailey, Alison.
The feminist philosophy reader / Alison Bailey, Chris Cuomo. — 1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-07-340739-5 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-07-340739-9 (alk. paper)
1. Feminist theory. I. Cuomo, Chris J. II. Title.
HQ1190.B34 2008
305.4201—dc22
2007030064
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion of a Web site
does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the
accuracy of the information presented at these sites.
www.mhhe.com
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CONTENTS
Preface viii For Further Reading 80
Acknowledgments x Media Resources 80
1. A FEMINIST TURN IN 3. SEX AND GENDER 83
PHILOSOPHY 1
Introduction to The Second Sex
Simone de Beauvoir Translated
2. OPPRESSION AND
and edited by H. M. Parshley 87
RESISTANCE 9
Performative Acts and Gender
The Traffi c in Women: Notes
Constitution: An Essay in
on the “Political Economy” of Sex
Phenomenology and Feminist
Gayle Rubin 13
Theory
Oppression
Judith Butler 97
Marilyn Frye 41
Reconstructing Black Masculinity
The Master’s Tools Will Never
bell hooks 107
Dismantle the Master’s House
Should There Be Only Two Sexes?
Audre Lorde 49
Anne Fausto-Sterling 124
On Psychological Oppression
Transgender Butch: Butch/FTM
Sandra Lee Bartky 51
Border Wars and the Masculine
White Privilege and Male Privilege Continuum
Peggy McIntosh 61 Judith Halberstam 144
Playfulness, “World”-Travelling, Visualizing the Body: Western
and Loving Perception Theories and African Subjects
María Lugones 69 Oyèrónké Oyeˇwùmí 163
iii
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iv Contents
For Further Reading 177 American Anthropological
Association Statement on
Media Resources 178
“Race” (1998 ) 309
Some Kind of Indian: On
4. SEXUALITIES 179
Race, Eugenics, and
This Sex Which Is Not One Mixed-Bloods
Luce Irigaray Translated by M. Annette Jaimes 312
Catherine Porter
Purity, Impurity, and Separation
with Carolyn Burke 183
María Lugones 329
A Desire of One’s Own:
Locating Traitorous Identities:
Psychoanalytic Feminism
Toward a View of Privilege-
and Intersubjective Space
Cognizant White Character
Jessica Benjamin 188
Alison Bailey 344
Sexuality
Tiddas Speakin’ Strong:
Catherine A. Mackinnon 204
Indigenous Women’s
Sex War: The Debate Between Self-Presentation within
Radical and Libertarian Feminists White Australian Feminism
Ann Ferguson 222 Aileen Moreton-Robinson 355
Kiss and Tell: Questioning For Further Reading 371
Censorship
Media Resources 372
Persimmon Blackbridge,
Lizard Jones, and Susan Stewart 227
6. POSTCOLONIAL AND
Claiming the Right to
TRANSNATIONAL FEMINISMS 375
Be Queer
Women Workers and
Chris Cuomo 241
Capitalist Scripts:
Toward a Genealogy of Black Female
Ideologies of Domination,
Sexuality: The Problematic of Silence
Common Interests, and
Evelynn M. Hammonds 249 the Politics of Solidarity
For Further Reading 259 Chandra Talpade Mohanty 379
Media Resources 260 Feminism and Globalization
Processes in Latin America
Ofelia Schutte 401
5. RACE AND RACISM 261
The Prison Industrial Complex
Gender & Race: The Ampersand
Angela Y. Davis 412
Problem in Feminist Thought
Elizabeth V. Spelman 265 Sexual Violence as a Tool
of Genocide
Mapping the Margins:
Andrea Smith 421
Intersectionality, Identity
Politics, and Violence against Experiments with Freedom:
Women of Color Milieus of the Human
Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw 279 Aihwa Ong 439
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Contents v
From A Critique of Postcolonial Act, Dependency Work, and
Reason Gender Equality
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak 450 Eva Feder Kittay 584
For Further Reading 460 Vulnerability by Marriage
Media Resources 461 Susan Orkin 600
After the Family Wage: Gender
7. FEMINIST ETHICAL THEORY 463 Equity and the Welfare State
Nancy Fraser 622
Moral Orientation and
Moral Development
Difference and Social Policy:
Carol Gilligan 467
Refl ections in the Context of
Social Movements
The Generalized and the Concrete
Iris Marion Young 638
Other: The Kohlberg-Gilligan
Controversy and Moral Theory
Updating the Gendered Empire:
Seyla Benhabib 478
Where Are the Women in Occupied
Afghanistan and Iraq?
Taking Care: Care as Practice
Cynthia Enloe 649
and Value
Virginia Held 497 For Further Reading 667
Media Resources 668
Confl icted Love
Kelly Oliver 506 9. FEMINIST EPISTEMOLOGIES 669
Separating from Heterosexualism Purifi cation and Transcendence
Sarah Hoagland 519 in Descartes’s Meditations
Susan Bordo 672
Seeing Power in Morality:
A Proposal for Feminist Love and Knowledge:
Naturalism in Ethics Emotion in Feminist
Margaret Urban Walker 539 Epistemology
Alison M. Jaggar 687
The Moral Powers of
Victims How Is Epistemology Political?
Claudia Card 548 Linda Martín Alcoff 705
For Further Reading 565 Taking Subjectivity into
Media Resources 566 Account
Lorraine Code 718
8. FEMINIST POLITICAL
“Strong Objectivity” and
PHILOSOPHIES 567 Socially Situated Knowledge
Autonomy, Social Disruption, Sandra Harding 741
and Women
The Project of Feminist
Marilyn Friedman 570
Epistemology: Perspectives
Taking Dependency Seriously: from a Nonwestern Feminist
The Family and Medical Leave Uma Narayan 756
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vi Contents
Coming to Understand: Be-Longing: The Lust for
Orgasm and the Epistemology Happiness
of Ignorance Mary Daly 841
Nancy Tuana 765
Mothers, Monsters, and Machines
For Further Reading 791 Rosi Braidotti 857
Media Resources 792
La Conciencia de la Mestiza/
Towards a New Consciousness
10. FEMINIST ONTOLOGIES 793
Gloria Anzaldúa 870
The Moral Signifi cance of Birth
For Further Reading 878
Mary Anne Warren 796
Media Resources 879
A Phenomenology of Fear:
The Threat of Rape and Feminine Credits 881
Bodily Comportment Index 883
Ann J. Cahill 810
Toward a Feminist Theory
of Disability
Susan Wendell 826
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This book is dedicated to our Mothers
Bonnie Powers Cuomo
and
Judith Stanton Bailey
(1933–2000)
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PREFACE
F
eminism sparked one of the most important and infl uential theoretical
endeavors of the last fi fty years, and feminist philosophical contributions
to that effort have been profound. Today the number of scholarly works and
publications, university courses, conferences, and organizations dedicated
to feminist philosophy is impressive indeed. In addition to articulating and
investigating key questions and issues concerning sexism and its vicissi-
tudes, feminist philosophers have brought new insights to nearly every area
of the discipline of philosophy, from ethics to philosophy of science, from
political theory to aesthetics to the study of historical philosophical fi gures.
But twenty years ago, when we were graduate students, we read and as-
sembled photocopied packets of readings for our courses. This was the only
way to provide students with a thorough survey of the most signifi cant and
engaging articles in the fi eld.
T oday there are many more textbooks on feminist philosophy, but most
anthologies focus on specifi c areas of inquiry, such as ethics, political
theory, or epistemology. After years of reading, teaching, and winnowing
through the literature, we are now delighted to present a reader that captures
a few of the more defi ning moments in feminist philosophy, from the earli-
est second wave to the post-9/11 present. Our emphasis is on the fi eld as it
emerged in the United States Europe, out of both feminist movements and
academic communities, and most of the essays included here fi rst appeared
in English. The chapters focus on central issues in feminism, such as the
meanings of privilege and o ppression, sex, gender, sexuality, race, nation,
and some of the core areas of philosophy, including ethics, epistemology,
politics, and ontology. Theoretical methods represented include analytic,
viii
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Preface ix
continental, psychoanalytic, postmodern, and postcolonial, and a few
things in between. This volume refl ects the view that feminism’s founda-
tional concerns necessarily include racism, heterosexism, and other forms
of oppression and injustice. And although this text was also shaped by his-
torical factors, including our own limitations and the hegemonic infl uence
of Anglophone philosophy and American feminist theory, we hope to have
presented a pluralist and inclusive reading of what history has provided.
The Feminist Philosophy Reader will introduce some readers to feminist
theory, and others to the discipline of Philosophy. Brief essays at the begin-
ning of each chapter provide overviews of the general issues and methods
connecting the various selections. Because the work presented here is both
practically signifi cant and theoretically sophisticated, we believe students
at many different levels will fi nd it informative, useful, and perhaps chal-
lenging as well. The table of contents is structured in relation to several
primary themes, but there is a phenomenal amount of conversation, com-
mon ground, and creative tension among the essays overall. A number of
innovative courses in feminist philosophy could be built around the text.
Each chapter also includes a list of resources for further reading and fi lms
that complement the topics addressed in each section.
Writing philosophy is commonly considered a solo pursuit, but that
impression hides the fact that all philosophy is generated out of historical
infl uences, conversations, communities, and cross-pollinations. Feminist
philosophy is no exception. In fact, phallocratic and other marginalizing
traditions in the discipline of philosophy have made it necessary for femi-
nists and other “outsiders” to create and nurture intellectual spaces where
critical and resistant understandings can develop. It is quite unlikely that
a volume such as this would have been possible without those spaces,
including organizations such as the Society for Women in Philosophy, the
International Association of Women Philosophers, and the National Women’s
Studies Association, all founded in the 1970s, and still going strong today.
We are indebted to those legacies of feminist creativity and resistance, and
the webs of relation, support, and knowledge they have fostered. And we are
deeply grateful to the authors included in this volume, along with the genera-
tions of feminist intellectuals who comprised their surrounding communi-
ties, and all the contemporary theorists and activists who comprise ours.
Alison Bailey and Chris Cuomo
July 2007
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