The fecal bacteria

329 Pages·2011·4.631 MB·English

by  M J Sadowsky, Richard Lincoln Whitman

THE
Fecal
Bacteria
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THE
Fecal
Bacteria
Edited by
Michael J. Sadowsky
Department of Soil, Water, and Climate and
BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota,
St. Paul, Minnesota
Richard L. Whitman
Lake Michigan Ecological Research Station,
Great Lakes Science Center,
U.S. Geological Survey, Porter, Indiana
Washington, DC
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The fecal bacteria / edited by Michael J. Sadowsky, Richard L. Whitman.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-55581-608-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Enterobacteriaceae.
I. Sadowsky, M. J. (Michael J.) II. Whitman, Richard Lincoln.
[DNLM: 1. Enterobacteriaceae. 2. Environmental Monitoring—methods.
3. Feces—microbiology. 4. Fresh Water—analysis. QW 138]
QR82.E6F43 2011
579.3'4—dc22
2010029320
Current printing (last digit)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
All Rights Reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Cover illustration: Interaction of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with mouse
intestinal tissue. Bacteria are green, and mouse intestine epithelial tissue is blue and red.
(Photo courtesy of Bärbel Stecher and Wolf-Dietrich Hardt, ETH Zürich, Switzerland.)
CONTENTS
Contributors vii
Preface ix
1. The Fecal Environment, the Gut / 1
Denis O. Krause and Ehsan Khafipour
2. Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Physiology of
Fecal Indicator Bacteria / 23
Militza Carrero-Colón, Gene S. Wickham, and Ronald F. Turco
3. The Gut Microbiota: Ecology and Function / 39
Benjamin P. Willing and Janet K. Jansson
4. Animals and Humans as Sources of
Fecal Indicator Bacteria / 67
Christopher K. Yost, Moussa S. Diarra, and Edward Topp
5. Environmental Sources of Fecal Bacteria / 93
Muruleedhara N. Byappanahalli and Satoshi Ishii
6. Physical and Biological Factors Influencing Environmental
Sources of Fecal Indicator Bacteria in Surface Water / 111
Richard L. Whitman, Meredith B. Nevers, Katarzyna Przybyla-Kelly,
and Muruleedhara N. Byappanahalli
7. Impacts of Fecal Bacteria on Human and Animal
Health—Pathogens and Virulence Genes / 135
Timothy J. Johnson
8. Modeling Fate and Transport of Fecal Bacteria in
Surface Water / 165
Meredith B. Nevers and Alexandria B. Boehm
v
vi CONTENTS
9. Microbial Source Tracking / 189
Valerie J. Harwood, Hodon Ryu, and Jorge Santo Domingo
10. Prevalence and Fate of Gut-Associated Human Pathogens in
the Environment / 217
Katherine G. McElhany and Suresh D. Pillai
11. Classical and Molecular Methods To
Measure Fecal Bacteria / 241
Thomas A. Edge and Alexandria B. Boehm
12. Fecal Bacteria and Foods / 275
Francisco Diez-Gonzalez
13. Conclusions and Future Use of Fecal Indicator Bacteria
for Monitoring Water Quality and Protecting
Human Health / 295
Michael J. Sadowsky and Richard L. Whitman
Index / 303
CONTRIBUTORS
Alexandria B. Boehm
Environmental and Water Studies, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Jerry Yang & Akiko Yamazaki Environment & Energy Building, Stanford, CA 94305
Muruleedhara N. Byappanahalli
U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Lake Michigan Ecological Research
Station, Porter, IN 46304
Militza Carrero-Colón
Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
Moussa S. Diarra
Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Agassiz,
BC, Canada V0M 1A0
Francisco Diez-Gonzalez
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
Thomas A. Edge
Water Science & Technology Directorate, National Water Research Institute,
Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada L7R 4A6
Valerie J. Harwood
Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620
Satoshi Ishii
Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and
Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
Janet K. Jansson
Department of Ecology, Earth Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
Berkeley, CA 94720
Timothy J. Johnson
Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota,
St. Paul, MN 55108
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS
Ehsan Khafipour
Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB,
Canada R3T 2N2
Denis O. Krause
Department of Animal Science and Department of Medical Microbiology,
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3T 2N2
Katherine G. McElhany
Food Safety & Environmental Microbiology Program, Texas A&M University,
College Station, TX 77843
Meredith B. Nevers
U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Lake Michigan Ecological Research
Station, Porter, IN 46304
Suresh D. Pillai
Food Safety & Environmental Microbiology Program, Texas A&M University,
College Station, TX 77843
Katarzyna Przybyla-Kelly
U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Lake Michigan Ecological Research
Station, Porter, IN 46304
Hodon Ryu
ORD/NRMRL/WSWRD/MCCB U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Michael J. Sadowsky
BioTechnology Institute and Department of Soil, Water, and Climate,
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
Jorge Santo Domingo
ORD/NRMRL/WSWRD/MCCB U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH 45268
Edward Topp
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada N5V 4T3
Ronald F. Turco
Laboratory for Soil Microbiology, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University,
West Lafayette, IN 47907
Richard L. Whitman
U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Lake Michigan Ecological Research
Station, Porter, IN 46304
Gene S. Wickham
The Center for Environmental Biotechnology, University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, TN 37996
Benjamin P. Willing
Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC,
Canada V6T 1Z4
Christopher K. Yost
Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada S4S 0A2
PREFACE
Although often maligned, the fecal indicator bacteria, commonly found in
the gastrointestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals, represent
a broad group of enteric bacteria that have had much utility over the last 40
years as a means to assess water quality and food safety. These bacteria serve as
the focal point of “the fecal indicator concept,” used worldwide to monitor
water quality and protect people from swimming- and water-related illnesses.
The fecal indicator concept stems, in part, from the pioneering work of Von
Fritsch and Escherich who, in the 1800s, made the logical connections between
the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae and K. rhinoscleromatis and sewage contami-
nation and the use of Bacillus coli (subsequently renamed Escherichia coli) as an
indicator of fecal pollution. Their work eventually led to the development of
the indicator bacterial paradigm as a means to assess microbial aspects of water
quality, and the concept was promulgated by the U.S. Public Health Service in
their 1914 standards for drinking water that were based on total coliforms. The
regulations were based, in large part, on the belief that if these organisms were
present in water there was a likelihood that human pathogens would also be
present and that microorganisms causing diseases in humans were more likely to
originate from human sources (e.g., human feces) than from other animals.
Over the years, however, the fecal indicator concept has moved away from
use of this complex and large group of organisms, collectively referred to as the
coliform bacteria, many of which are members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, to
reliance on measurements of E. coli and noncoliform bacteria such as enterococci.
These bacteria are better related, based on epidemiological studies, to health risks
associated with swimming and recreational activities in fresh and marine waters.
It is important to note, however, that the fecal indicator bacteria represent just
a small portion of the total fecal bacteria present in the gastrointestinal tracts
ix