The far right in the Balkans

185 Pages·2013·9.67 MB·English

by  Věra Stojarová

S
T THE
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J
A
R
O FAR RIGHT
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This is the first book to provide comprehensive coverage
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of the far right political party phenomenon in the Balkans.
The author focuses on parties generally described as lying T IN THE
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on the far right in academic literature and examines their
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development from 2000 until 2010.

F
BALKANS
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The book provides a detailed analysis of the historical legacy essential in R
understanding the overall context of nationalism in the region as well as
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an overview of the far right political parties in each country. It discusses
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parties individually, detailing their ideological features, strategy, internal G
organisation and leadership, and compares their political, social, economic, H
ethno-cultural and international characteristics. It reveals the main factors T
that were influential in the successes and failures of the far right,
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and offers a comparison between the typical far right voter living in the N
Balkans and his counterpart in Western Europe. The implementation and
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enforcement of legislature such as hate speech laws is also examined,
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along with other legal issues affecting the extremist parties in the region.
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The book will primarily appeal to academics, established scholars and
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practitioners focused on Balkan issues, researching radicalism and
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extremism and participating in the establishment of democratic practices.
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It will also prove valuable to students at all levels and will complement
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syllabuses in Political Science, Eastern European Studies, Balkan Studies
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and Security Studies among others.
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Věra Stojarová is Lecturer in Balkan Studies at Masaryk University in Brno
S
VĚRA STOJAROVÁ
www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk
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The Far Right in the Balkans
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The Far Right in the Balkans
V ěra S tojarová
Manchester University Press
Manchester and New York
distributed in the United States exclusively by Palgrave Macmillan
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Copyright © Věra Stojarová 2013
The right of Věra Stojarová to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted by her in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Published by Manchester University Press
Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9NR, UK
and Room 400, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA
www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk
Distributed in the United States exclusively by
Palgrave Macmillan, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York,
NY 10010, USA
Distributed in Canada exclusively by
UBC Press, University of British Columbia, 2029 West Mall,
Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z2
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for
ISBN 978 0 7190 8973 2 hardback
First published 2013
The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or
third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on
such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Typeset
by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India
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Contents

List of figures and tables page vii
Acknowledgements ix
Abbreviations xi
1 Introduction 1
2 Terminology and conceptualization 8
3 Historical legacies of the Balkan Far Right 20
4 A n overview of Far Right political parties in the Balkan
region and political party selection 34
5 International supply side: brief presentation of political
parties in terms of ideology 46
6 E xternal supply side: the roots of success and political
opportunity structures in successful cases 60
7 E xternal supply side: the roots of success and political
opportunity structures in the less successful cases 87
8 Voters of the Far Right and legislative implementation
in practice 117
9 Internal supply side: strategy, organization, role
of paramilitaries and international cooperation 126
10 Concluding remarks 150
References 157
Index 171
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Figures and tables
Figures
2.1 Model of extremism (Mareš 2003:33, modified model from
Stöss, R. (1999) Rechtsextremismus im vereinten
Deutschland, Bonn: Fridrich Ebert Stiftung, p. 18) page 14
4.1 Percentage vote share of Far Right parliamentary
political parties in the Balkans since 2000 40
6.1 Causes of radical Right behaviour (Stöss, R. (1991).
Politics Against Democracy: Right-Wing Extremism
in West Germany . Oxford: Berg, cited from Williams
in Ramet (ed.) 1999:31) 63
6.2 The Romanian unemployment rate and gains by Far Right
parties after 2000 72
6.3 Serbian unemployment and the gains of SRS 72
6.4 Bulgaria and the Far Right and the unemployment rate 72
7.1 1991 Montenegro census 94
7.2 2003 Montenegro census 94
Tables
2.1 A comparison of extreme Right and national–populist parties
(Frölich-Steffen and Rensmann 2005: 10) 12
2.2 Major actors of the radical Right: Germany and Poland
(since the 1980s) (Minkenberg 2008:17) 16
5.1 Ideological core and specific features of Far Right
parties in the Balkans 56
7.1 The chief political players impacting the Far Right’s
fortunes in the Balkans 105
7.2 Party and organizational strength of the Far Right and
contextual factors in selected Balkan countries since 2000 110
9.1 Internal organization and leadership of Balkan Far Right parties 139
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Acknowledgements
This text has been undertaken as part of the Research Project ‘Transformation of
political and social pluralism in modern Europe II’ (MUNI/A/800/2011). An Andrew
Mellon Fellowship undertaken at IWM in Wien in autumn 2009 also made possible
realization of the text. I would like to thank Daniel Bochsler, Natalia Chirienco, Jakub
Šedo, Embassy of Czech Republic in Tirana, Blendi Kajsiu, Goran Čular, Cas Mudde,
Lubomír Kopeček, Miroslav Mareš, Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen in
Wien, János Mátyás Kovács, Andreea Maierean, Lisa Bjurwald, Kondrad Adenauer
Stiftung in Macedonia, and all reviewers at Manchester University Press for their help
in looking for sources or critical comments. Last but not least, I would like to thank
Gafur and others who took care of Malý and Velký Myšur while I was writing this
book.
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Abbreviations
AN National Alliance (A lleanza nazionale )
ANA Albanian National Army
ANS Action Front of National Socialists (A ktionsfront Nationale
Sozialisten )
Ataka National Union Attack (N atsionalen Sayuz Ataka )
BDF Bulgarian Democratic Forum (B ulgarski Demokraticheski Forum )
BDSS Bosniak Democratic Party of Sandžak (B ošnjačka demokratska
stranka Sandžaka )
BiH Bosnia and Herzegovina
BK National Front ( Balli Kombëtar )
BKDP Bulgarian Christian Democratic Party (B ulgarska Khristian
Demokraticheska Partija )
BNF Bulgarian National Front (B ulgarski Natsionalen Front )
BNP British National Party
BNPP Bulgarian National Patriotic Party (B ǎlgarska Natsionalna-
Patriotichna Partiya )
BNRP Bulgarian National Radical Party (B ulgarska National Radikalna
Partija )
BNS Bulgarian National Union (B ulgarski natsionalen sujuz )
BZÖ Alliance for the Future of Austria (B ündnis Zukunft Ősterreich )
CD Centredemocrats (C entrumdemokraten )
CNSAS National Commission for the Securitate Archives
CP’86 Centreparty 86 ( Centrumpartij’86 )
CSU Christian Social Union ( Christlich-Soziale Union )
DF Danish People’s Party (D ansk Folkeparti )
DN National Democracy (D emocracia Nacional )
DPA/PDSh Democratic Party of the Albanians (D emokratska Partija na
Albancite/Partia Demokratike Shqiptarëve )
DPS Democratic Party of Socialist (D emokratska Stranka Socijalista )
DPS Movement for Rights and Freedoms (D vizhenie za Prava i
Svobodi/Hak ve Özgürlükler Hareketi )
DSHV Democratic Union of Croats in Vojvodina (D emokratski Savez
Hrvata u Vojvodini )
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xii abbreviations
DSS Democratic Party of Serbia (D emokratska Stranka Srbije )
DUI/BDI Democratic Union for Integration (D emokratska Unija za
Integracija/Bashkimi Demokratik për Integrim )
DVT Warriors of Tangra Movement (D vizhenie Voini na Tangra )
DVU German People’s Union (D eutsche Volksunion )
ENF European National Front
EPP European People’s Party
EPP–ED European People’s Party–European Democrats
EU European Union
FAP Free German Workers’ Party (F reiheitliche Deutsche
Arbeiterpartei )
FBKSH Albanian Front of National Unifi cation (F ronti Për Bashkim
Kombëtar Shqiptar )
FI Forward Italy (F orza Italia )
FIDESZ-MPS Fidesz–Hungarian Civic Union (F idesz–Magyar Polgári
Szövetség )
FN New Force (F orza nuova )
FPCD Christian Democrat Popular Front (F rontul Popular Creştin şi
Democrat )
FPÖ Freedom Party of Austria (F reiheitliche Partei Österreichs )
FrP Progress Party (F remskrittspartiet )
GERB Citizens for the European Development of Bulgaria (G razhdani
za evropeysko razvitie na Balgariya )
HB Croatian Bloc (H rvatski blok )
HB People Unity (H erri Batasuna )
HČSP Croatian Pure Party of the Right (H rvatska Čista Stranka Prava )
HDZ Croatian Democratic Union (H rvatska demokratska zajednica )
HIP Croatian True Revival (H rvatski Istinski Preporod )
HNS Croatian People’s Party (H rvatska Narodna Stranka )
HOS Croatian Defence Forces (H rvatske Obrambene Snage )
HPB Croatian Right-Wing Brotherhood (H rvatsko Pravaško Bratstvo )
HP–HPP Croatian Right–Croatian Right-Wing Movement (H rvatski
Pravaši–Hrvatski Pravaški Pokret )
HSLS Croatian Social Liberal Party (H rvatska socijalno liberalna
stranka )
HSP Croatian Party of the Right (H rvatska Stranka Prava )
HSP-1861 Croatian Party of the Right 1861 (H rvatska Stranka Prava-1861 )
HSS Croatian Peasant Party (H rvatska seljačka stranka )
HSU Croatian Party of Pensioners (H rvatska stranka umirovljenika )
HZDS Movement for a Democratic Slovakia (H nutie za Demokratické
Slovensko )
ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
IDS Istrian Democratic Assembly (I starski demokratski sabor )
ITP International Third Position
Jobbik Movement for a Better Hungary
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abbreviations xiii
KKCMTSH National Liberation Front of Albanians (K omitetit Kombëtar për
Clirimin dhe Mbrojtjen e Tokave Shqiptare )
KLA Kosovo Liberation Army (U shtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës or U ÇK )
KPN-SN Confederation for an Independent Poland (K onfederacja Polski
Niepodleglej )
LDK Democratic League of Kosovo ( Lidhja Demokratike e Kosovës )
LDP Liberal Democratic Party (L iberalno demokratska partija )
LDPR Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (L iberalno-
Demokraticheskaye Partiya Rossii )
LN Northern League (L ega Nord )
LPR League of Polish Families (L iga Polskich Rodzin )
LS Liberal Party (L iberalna stranka )
LSI Socialist Movement for Integration (L ëvizja Socialiste për
Intigrim )
MAN National Alliance (M ovimento de Acção Nacional )
MEP Member of the European Parliament
MER Ecological Movement of Romania (M iscarea Ecologista din
Romania )
MP Member of the Parliament
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
ND New Right (N oua Dreaptă )
NDH Independent State of Croatia (N ezavisna Država Hrvatska )
NDSO National Movement for the Salvation of the Fatherland
(N atsionalno Dvizhenie za Spasenie na Otechestvoto )
NDSV National Movement of Simeon II (N acionalno Dviženie
Simeon II )
NLA National Liberation Army (U shtria Çlirimtare Kombëtare )
NOP Polish National Rebirth (N arodowe Odrozenie Polski )
NPD National Democratic Party of Germany (N ationaldemokratische
Partei Deutschlands )
NS New Serbia (N ova Srbija )
NSD New Serbian Democracy (N ova Srpska Demokratija )
ODS Civic Democratic Party (O bčanská demokratická strana )
ONR National-Radical Camp (O bóz Narodowo-Radikalny )
PBDSh Party for Democratic Action (P artia për bashkimin demokratik të
shqiptareve )
PBKSh Albanian National Unity Party (P artia Bashkesia Kombetare
Shqiptare )
PD Democratic Party (P artidul Democrat )
PD-L Democratic Liberal Party (P artidul Democrat-Liberal )
PDSh Democratic Party of Albania (P artia Demokratike e Shqipërisë )
PiS Law and Justice (P rawo i Spraviedliwość )
PLL Legality Movement Party (P artia Lëvizja e Legalitetit )
PNG–CD New Generation Party–Christian Democratic (P artidul Noua
Generaţie–Creştin Democrat )
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