More Advance Praise for The Fall of the Ottomans “A fantastic, readable, and much needed study of the most chron- ically neglected of all of the Great War’s participants: the Otto- man Empire. Informative and enlightening.” —Alexander Watson, author of Ring of Steel: Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I “Eugene Rogan has written a meticulously researched, pan- oramic, and engrossing history of the final years of the Ottoman Empire. This book is essential reading for understanding the evo- lution of the modern Middle East and the root causes of nearly all the conflicts that now plague the area. An altogether splendid work of historical writing.” —Ali Allawi, author of The Occupation of Iraq: Winning the War, Losing the Peace “Eugene Rogan has given us an absorbing history of the war’s principal military and political battles in the Middle East through the eyes of those who fought them. Weaving together accounts of the horrors of life in the trenches with those on the home front, he exposes the deadly dynamic emerging between the two, from the disastrous Ottoman attempt to invade Russia to the calamity of the Armenian deportations, from the British invasion to the Arab revolt and the Ottoman Empire’s final defeat and partition.” —Mustafa Aksakal, Chair of Modern Turkish Studies and Associate Professor of History at Georgetown University “A vivid account of the fighting that led to the fall of one of the world’s great empires.” —Roger Owen, Professor Emeritus of Middle East History, Harvard University 9780465023073-text.indd 1 12/18/14 11:05 AM 9780465023073-text.indd 2 12/18/14 11:05 AM THE FAll of the OTTOMAnS 9780465023073-text.indd 3 12/18/14 11:05 AM 9780465023073-text.indd 4 12/18/14 11:05 AM T h e Fa l l of the OT TO m a n s THE GREAT WAR In THE MIddlE EAST Eugene Rogan A Member of the Perseus Books Group new York 9780465023073-text.indd 5 12/18/14 11:05 AM Copyright © 2015 by Eugene Rogan Published by Basic Books A Member of the Perseus Books Group All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. For information, address Basic Books, 250 West 57th Street, new York, nY 10107. Books published by Basic Books are available at special discounts for bulk purchases in the United States by corporations, institutions, and other organizations. For more information, please contact the Special Markets department at the Perseus Books Group, 2300 Chestnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia, PA 19103, or call (800) 810-4145, ext. 5000, or e-mail [email protected]. A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the library of Congress. ISBn: 978-0-465-02307-3 E-book: 978-0-465-05669-9 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 9780465023073-text.indd 6 12/18/14 11:05 AM Contents list of Maps ix A note on nomenclature xi Preface xiii 1. A Revolution and Three Wars, 1908–1913 1 2. The Peace Before the Great War 29 3. A Global Call to Arms 53 4. Opening Salvos: Basra, Aden, Egypt, and the Eastern Mediterranean 75 5. launching Jihad: Ottoman Campaigns in the Caucasus and the Sinai 99 6. The Assault on the dardanelles 129 7. The Annihilation of the Armenians 159 8. The Ottoman Triumph at Gallipoli 185 9. The Invasion of Mesopotamia 217 10. The Siege of Kut 243 11. The Arab Revolt 275 12. losing Ground: The Fall of Baghdad, the Sinai, and Jerusalem 311 13. From Armistice to Armistice 355 Conclusion: The Fall of the Ottomans 385 Acknowledgements 407 notes 409 Bibliography 445 Photo Credits 459 Index 461 — vii — 9780465023073-text.indd 7 12/18/14 11:05 AM This book is dedicated to Isabelle Tui Woods Rogan 9780465023073-text.indd 8 12/18/14 11:05 AM List of Maps Map 1 The Mediterranean World in 1914 xx–xxi Map 2 Eastern Anatolia and the Caucasus xxii Map 3 The Gallipoli Campaign xxiii Map 4 Egypt and Sinai xxiv Map 5 Mesopotamia, Aden and the Hijaz xxv Map 6 Syria, Palestine, and Transjordan xxvi — ix — 9780465023073-text.indd 9 12/18/14 11:05 AM