The Facial Nerve PDF
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Will. a1n H,. Slattery II Bah Azizzadeh • Ierne The Facial Nerve The Facial Nerve William H. Slattery III, MD Partner, House Clinic Clinical Professor of Otolaryngology University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine Los Angeles, California Babal< Azizzadeh, MD, FACS Director, Facial Paralysis Institute Center for Advanced Facial Plastic Surgery Beverly Hills, California Associate Clinical Professor for the Division of Head and Neck Surgery David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Los Angeles, California Thieme New York • Stuttgart Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. 333 Seventh Ave. New York, NY 10001 Executive Editor: Timothy Y. Hiscock Managing Editor: ]. Owen Zurhellen IV Editorial Assistant: Heather Allen Senior Vice President, Editorial and Electronic Product Development: Cornelia Schulze Production Editor: Meredith Bechtle, Maryland Composition Medical Illustrator: Peggy Firth Front Cover Illustration: Karl Wesker International Production Director: Andreas Schabert Vice President, Finance and Accounts: Sarah Vanderbilt President: Brian D. Scanlan Compositor: Maryland Composition Printer: Everbest Printing Co. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data I The facial nerve [edited by] William H. Slattery III. p. ; em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-60406-050-8 (hardcover) -- ISBN 978-1-60406-857-3 (ebook) I. Slattery, William H., III, editor of compilation. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. Facial Nerve. 2. Facial Nerve Diseases. 3. Facial Paralysis. WL 330] RD523 617.1 '56--dc23 2013022603 Copyright © 2014 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc. This book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by copyright. Any use, exploitation, or commercialization outside the narrow limits set by copyright legislation without the publisher's consent is illegal and li able to prosecution. This applies in particular to photostat reproduction, copying, mimeographing or duplication of any kind, translating, preparation of microfilms, and electronic data processing and storage. Important note: Medical knowledge is ever-changing. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treat ment and drug therapy may be required. The authors and editors of the material herein have consulted sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error by the authors, editors, or publisher of the work herein or changes in medical knowledge, neither the authors, editors, nor publisher, nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation of this work, warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they are not responsible for any errors or omissions or for the results ob tained from use of such information. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example, readers are advised to check the product information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this publication is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindicationsfor administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs. Some of the product names, patents, and registered designs referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or proprietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not always made in the text. Therefore, the appearance of a name without designation as pro prietary is not to be construed as a representation by the publisher that it is in the public domain. MIX Printed in China Paper from responsible sources FSC ISBN 978-1-60406-050-8 FSce C021256 www.fsc.org eiSBN 978-1-60406-857-3 Contents Section I. Overview of the Facial Nerve Chapter 1. Anatomy of the Facial Nerve and Associated Structures ....................................... 1 Bradley W Kesser Chapter 2. Physiology of the Facial Nerve ............................................................. 12 Felipe Santos and William H. Slattery Ill Chapter 3. Histopathology of Facial Nerve Disorders ................................................... 17 jose N. Fayad and Fred H. Linthicum jr. Section II. Examination of the Facial Nerve Chapter 4. Facial Nerve Paralysis Examination .........................................................2 3 Babak Azizzadeh, jonathan S. Kulbersh, and Brendan P. O'Connell Chapter 5. Measurement of Facial Nerve Function .................................................... .41 john W House and Mark Brandt Lorenz Chapter 6. Imaging of the Facial Nerve ............................................................... .48 Ajay Gupta and C. Douglas Phillips Section III. Diseases of the Facial Nerve Chapter 7. Differential Diagnosis of Acute Facial Paralysis ............................................. .57 Maurizio Barbara Chapter 8. Congenital Facial Weakness ................................................................6 3 Randolph Sherman and Ronald M. Zuker Chapter 9. Bell Palsy and Ramsay Hunt Syndrome .....................................................7 0 Shingo Murakami Chapter 10. Medical Treatment of Bell Palsy ............................................................8 1 jeffrey T. Vrabec Chapter 11. Surgical Treatment of Bell Palsy ............................................................8 9 Sarah E. Mowry and Bruce]. Gantz Chapter 12. Traumatic Facial Nerve Management .......................................................9 8 ]. Walter Kutzjr., Brandon Isaacson, and PeterS. Roland Chapter 13. Facial Weakness as a Complication of Otologic Diseases .................................... 106 Thomas E. Linder Chapter 14. Facial Nerve Tumors ..................................................................... 116 Michael Hoa, Eric P. Wilkinson, and Derald E. Brackmann Chapter 15. Extratemporal Causes of Facial Paralysis .................................................. 125 john P. Leonetti and Sam]. Marzo viii Table of Contents Chapter 16. Central Causes of Facial Paralysis ......................................................... 129 ]. Gail Neely Chapter 17. Hemifacial Spasm ....................................................................... 137 jacques Magnan and Claire-Lise Curto Fai"s Section IV. Selected Topics Chapter 18. Facial Nerve Monitoring ................................................................. 146 Emily Z. Stucken, Kevin D. Brown, and Samuel H. Selesnick Chapter 19. Acute Management of the Effects of Facial Paralysis ....................................... 151 Michael B. Gluth and Marcus D. Atlas Chapter 20. Acoustic Neuromas and Facial Paralysis ................................................... 155 Mark Brandt Lorenz and William H. Slattery III Section V. Rehabilitation of Permanent Facial Nerve Paralysis Chapter 21. Surgical Management of the Eye ......................................................... 164 Guy G. Massry Chapter 22. Rehabilitation with the Enhanced Palpebral Spring ........................................ 172 Robert E. Levine Chapter 23. Facial Nerve Repair. ..... IS] 179 Douglas K. Henstrom and Tessa A. Hadlock Chapter 24. Lower Facial Reanimation ............................................................... 192 Babak Azizzadeh and Kimberly]. Lee Chapter 25. Neuromuscular Retraining: Nonsurgical Therapy for Facial Palsy ........................... 205 H. jacqueline Diels and Carien H. G. Beurskens Chapter 26. Synkinesis and Hyperkinesis ............................................................. 213 Barry M. Schaitkin Preface The facial nerve, 1 of 12 cranial nerves, controls the practiced during skull base and parotid surgeries, as well as muscles that permit movement (and in particular those other otologic procedures, is evaluated. We cover indica muscles which convey expressions) of the face. Diseases of tions for it and challenges to it, giving special reference to or injuries to this nerve commonly result in an enhanced monitoring throughout the removal of an acoustic neuroma. asymmetry of the face, a decrease in the patient's ability Another highlight is the review of topics that are specific to to communicate emotion, and may result in temporary or improving outcomes in acoustic neuroma surgery. permanent paralysis. This book offers a concise and yet The subject of the last section, Rehabilitation of Perma comprehensive review of facial nerve diseases and inju nent Facial Nerve Paralysis, is of great importance to the ries, as well as the most up-to-date recommendations for patient. Patient satisfaction has always been at the forefront medical and surgical treatments. Written with the busy when considering the value of any treatment and reputa clinician in mind, we do our best to cover all the relevant tion of any practitioner. As health care options become more topics without being exhaustive in the nonessentials. We limited, clinicians must remind themselves that a multidis are fortunate to have a host of expert contributors who ciplinary approach is often the surest way to achieve that bring broad and multifarious perspectives from a wide goal. Both surgical and nonsurgical techniques are pre range of acclaimed institutions. What is most exciting is sented here. Such things as eyelid springs and gold weights that each contributor has paired his or her clinical practice have shown promising results with regard to management with clinically relevant research offering an unparalleled of the eye in acute or chronic facial palsy. Options for the textbook among current publications. patient with a lower face paralysis may include slings or This book is divided into five major sections: overview, muscle transposition flaps. Botulinum neurotoxin therapy examination, disease processes, selected topics, and re and traditional physical therapies help many patients with habilitation. The overview section includes an excellent long-standing disorders, yet when surveyed, many clini chapter on the anatomy and physiology of the facial nerve. cians still do not recommend further treatments or refer The corresponding illustrations make the complex and often patients to specialists outside their own area of expertise. difficult-to-navigate anatomy of the facial nerve tractable. It is our hope that this book will allow those who treat one The physiology chapter highlights general nerve physiology aspect of facial nerve disorders to offer a more fully compre with specific reference to the facial nerve structure and func hensive approach to the presenting patient. tion. The histopathology chapter will be particularly valuable A recent The New York Times article reported on the des for the resident who is preparing for board examinations. perate need for a more integrated approach in medicine, The examination section is essentially an overview ". .. where every patient's care is team based, preventa aimed at offering important observations from experi tive, and comprehensive." In an era of unmatched scrutiny enced clinicians that will assist both the novice and the of the way health care dollars are spent, it behooves us not-so-novice in the evaluation of facial nerve disorders. as health care providers to be ever more cognizant of the No book on the facial nerve is complete without a discus best practices and most current approaches for those who sion of the facial nerve "grading" systems, and herein we entrust their care to us. This book then, is both relevant provide a thorough survey. The imaging chapter is com and indispensable to otolaryngologists, facial plastic sur prehensive and includes images of rarer but observable geons, ophthalmologists, neuroradiologists, neurologists, facial nerve lesions that might otherwise be overlooked by oromaxillofacial surgeons, dentists, nurses, physical thera an inexperienced practitioner. pists, and others who treat such diseases. With regard to the section called disease processes, we Certainly and perhaps as never before, it is only an un mean to equip the reader with a working knowledge and wavering and sincere passion to alleviate and when pos practical plan for a complete differential diagnosis. Because sible, heal another human being's suffering that motivates Bell palsy is the most common facial nerve disorder, this every trainee and long practicing provider. Commentator book takes an extensive look at both the surgical and Peggy Noonan once said, "Sincerity and competence is a medical management of this disease. We follow by under strong combination." She made that statement in refer taking an in-depth discussion of trauma, tumor, and lesser ence to another discipline, but it most certainly applies to known diseases associated with facial paralysis. Facial nerve the art and science of medicine, and it's to that end that monitoring, which in recent years has become commonly this book is written. Contributors Marcus D. Atlas, MBBS, FRACS H. jacqueline Diels Winthrop Professor of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation & Surgery University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics University of Western Australia Madison, Wisconsin Director, Ear Science Institute Australia Perth, Western Australia jose N. Fayad, MD Australia House Clinic Los Angeles, California Babak Azizzadeh, MD, FACS Director, Facial Paralysis Institute Brucej. Gantz, MD, FACS Center for Advanced Facial Plastic Surgery Professor and Head, Department of Otolaryngology-Head Beverly Hills, California and Neck Surgery Associate Clinical Professor for the Division of Head and Brian F. McCabe Distinguished Chair in Otolaryngology- Neck Surgery Head and Neck Surgery David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA Professor, Department of Neurosurgery Los Angeles, California University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine Iowa City, Iowa Maurizio Barbara, MD, PhD Professor of Otorhinolaryngology, NESMOS Michael B. Gluth, MD Sapienza University Assistant Professor and Director of The Comprehensive Sant' Andrea Hospital Listening Center Rome, Italy Section of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery & University of Chicago Medical Center Carien H.G. Beurskens, PhD Chicago, Illinois Department of Physiotherapy University Medical Centre Nijmegen Ajay Gupta, MD Nijmegen, Netherlands Assistant Professor of Radiology NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital Derald E. Brackmann, MD Weill Cornell Medical College Associate, House Clinic New York, New York Clinical Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Neurological Surgery Tessa A. Hadlod<, MD University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine Associate Professor and Director of Facial Plastic and Los Angeles, California Reconstructive Surgery and Facial Nerve Center Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary l<evin D. Brown, MD Harvard Medical School Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Boston, Massachusetts Neck Surgery Weill Cornell Medical College Douglas I<. Henstrom, MD New York, New York Assistant Professor and Director of Facial Plastic Surgery and Nerve Center Claire-Lise Curto Fals, MD University of Iowa Assistant of Otology and Head and Neck Surgery Iowa City, Iowa CCU-AH service d'ORL Hopi tal Nord Marseille, France xii List of Contributors Michael Hoa, MD Thomas E. Linder, MD Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Assistant Professor and Chairman of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery and Neck Surgery Georgetown University Medical Center Luzerner Kantonsspital Washington, DC Luzern, Switzerland Medical Officer of NIH/NIDCD Bethesda, Maryland Fred H. Linthicum Jr., MD Department of Histopathology House Research Institute john W. House, MD House Clinic Los Angeles, California Clinical Professor University of Southern California Keel< School of Medicine Mark Brandt Lorenz, MD Los Angeles, California Department of Otolaryngology Alaska Native Medical Center Anchorage, Alaska Brandon Isaacson, MD Associate Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery jacques Magnan University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Professor Emeritus and Head of ORL Department Dallas, Texas University Aix-Marseille Marseille, France Bradley W. I<esser, MD Associate Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Samj. Marzo, MD, FACS Neck Surgery Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery University of Virginia Health System Loyola University Medical Center Charlottesville, Virginia Maywood, Illinois jonathan S. I<ulbersh, MD Guy G. Massry, MD Carolina Facial Plastics Beverly Hills Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery Charlotte, North Carolina Beverly Hills, California J. Walter I<utz Jr., MD Sarah E. Mowry, MD Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Georgia Regents University Dallas, Texas Augusta, Georgia I<imberly j. Lee, MD Shingo Mural<ami, MD, PhD Assistant Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Professor and Chairman of Otolaryngology Neck Surgery Head and Neck Surgery UCLA Medical Center Nagoya City University Medical School Director of Beverly Hills Facial Plastic Surgery Center japan Beverly Hills, California j. Gail Neely, MD john P. Leonetti, MD Professor and Director of OtologyfNeurotologyfBase of Professor and Vice Chairman of Otolaryngology Skull Surgery Head and Neck Surgery Washington University School of Medicine Loyola University Medical Center St. Louis, Missouri Maywood, Illinois Brendan P. O'Connell, MD Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Robert E. Levine, MD Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology Medical University of South Carolina University of Southern California Keel< School of Medicine Charleston, South Carolina Los Angeles, California
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