The Faces of Terrorism: Multidisciplinary Perspectives

304 Pages·2009·2.515 MB·English

THE FACES OF TERRORISM
The Faces of Terrorism: Multidisciplinary Perspectives Edited by David Canter
© 2 0 09 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-75380-4
THE FACES OF TERRORISM
Multidisciplinary Perspectives
Edited by
David Canter
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition fi rst published 2009
© 2009 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The faces of terrorism : multidisciplinary perspectives / edited by David Canter.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-470-75380-4 (cloth) – ISBN 978-0-470-75381-1 (pbk.) 1. Terrorism–
Psychological aspects. 2. Terrorists–Psychology. 3. Terrorism–Prevention. I. Canter,
David V.
HV6431.F24 2009
363.325–dc22
2009021003
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Set in 10 on 12 pt Minion by Toppan Best-set Premedia Limited
Printed by Fabulous, Singapore
1 2009
Contents
List of Contributors vii
Preface xiii
1. The Multi-Faceted Nature of Terrorism: An Introduction 1
David Canter
2. From Naïvety to Insurgency: Becoming a Paramilitary
in Northern Ireland 19
Neil Ferguson and Mark Burgess
3. The Rhetorical Foundation of Militant Jihad 35
Sudhanshu Sarangi and David Canter
4. Case Study – The Puzzling Case (from a Western Perspective)
of Lone Terrorist Faheem Khalid Lodhi 63
Clive Williams
5. The Primacy of Grievance as a Structural Cause of Oppositional
Political Terrorism: Comparing Al Fatah, FARC, and PIRA 75
Jeffrey Ian Ross
6. Case Study – The 17th November Group: Europe’s Last
Revolutionary Terrorists 97
George Kassimeris
7. Terrorism and Organized Crime: A Theoretical Perspective 123
Dipak K. Gupta, John Horgan and Alex P. Schmid
8. Terrorist Networks and Small Group Psychology 137
Sam Mullins
vi Contents
9. Case Study – Youth Gangs and Terrorism in Chechnya:
Recruitment, Activities and Networks 151
Michael Vishnevetsky
10. The Enemy of My Enemy is My Friend 169
Kevin Borgeson and Robin Valeri
11. The Business of Kidnap for Ransom 189
Everard Phillips
12. Case Study – Ramzan Kadyrov in Chechnya: Authoritarian
Leadership in the Caucasus 209
John Russell
13. From 7/7 to 8/10: Media Framing of Terrorist Incidents
in the United States and United Kingdom 227
Mary Brinson and Michael Stohl
14. Cyberterrorism: The Emerging Worldwide Threat 245
Amanda M. Sharp Parker
15. Disengaging from Terrorism 257
John Horgan
16. De-radicalization and the Staircase from Terrorism 277
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Index 293
List of Contributors
Kevin Borgeson, PhD is Assistant Professor in the Criminal Justice Department
at Salem State College, Salem, MA, where he teaches courses in crime scene
investigation, profi ling, and bias crimes. Borgeson ’ s work has appeared in the
Journal of Applied Sociology , Michigan Sociological Review , and American
Behavioral Science . He is co - editor of the book Terrorism in America (Jones &
Bartlett Publishers, 2008).
Mary Brinson is a doctoral candidate in the department of Communication
at University of California, Santa Barbara. She earned a B.A. in political science
and communication from Loyola University, Chicago, as well as an M.A. in
Communication from St. Louis University. Mary ’ s research areas include
media and intercultural communication. She has published in Arab Studies
Quarterly and the Harvard Asian Pacifi c Review, as well as at several commu-
nication and Middle Eastern studies conferences. Her dissertation, “Muslims
in the Media: Social Consequences for Muslims in America” focuses on how
images of Muslims in the media impact their self - esteem, identity, and accul-
turation patterns.
Mark Burgess is a Senior Lecturer at Oxford Brookes University, UK. Mark
specializes in the social psychology of defi ance and has conducted laboratory
experiments as well as having interviewed both violent and non - violent indi-
viduals from Europe and North America. Mark ’ s other dominant line of
research relates to interview methods.
David Canter is Professor of Psychology at The University of Huddersfi eld,
UK, where he directs the International Research Centre for Investigative
Psychology. He is internationally known for his development of Offender
Profi ling into an area of Applied Psychology that incorporates many aspects of
viii List of Contributors
research of relevance to investigations. This grew out of his earlier work in
Environmental Psychology and the study of human actions in fi res and other
emergencies. He has published widely on many aspects of applied social psychol-
ogy and given keynote presentations at many international conferences as well
as being a consultant to many investigations, court cases and government enqui-
ries. He writes for major newspapers and contributes to many documentaries.
Neil Ferguson is the Director of the Desmond Tutu Centre for War and Peace
and Associate Professor of Political Psychology at Liverpool Hope University.
He has been a visiting lecturer to Lock Haven University of Pennsylvania and
the University of York, a Research Fellow at University of St Andrews, and
previously lectured at the University of Ulster prior to joining Liverpool Hope
University in 1996. His research and writings deal with moral development
and a number of topics located within political psychology. Dr Ferguson is
currently the chair of the MOSAIC , serves on the Governing Council of the
International Society of Political Psychology , is a member of the Editorial Board
for the J ournal of Moral Education and Irish Journal of Psychology .
Dipak K. Gupta is the Fred J. Hansen Professor of Peace Studies and is a
Distinguished Professor in Political Science, and the Director of International
Security & Confl ict Resolution program at San Diego State University. He is
the author of eight books and over 100 articles, published in professional
journals, edited volumes, and in newspapers.
Dr. John Horgan is Director of the International Center for the Study of
Terrorism at the Pennsylvania State University, where he is also Associate
Professor of Science, Technology and Society. He was previously Senior
Research Fellow of the University of St Andrews’ Centre for the Study of
Terrorism and Political Violence (CSTPV) in Scotland, where he retains an
honorary position. His books include The Psychology of Terrorism (2005),
and The Future of Terrorism (1999, with Max Taylor), and Leaving Terrorism
Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement (2009, with Tore Bjorgo).
His latest book Walking Away from Terrorism: Accounts of Disengagement
from Radical and Extremist Movements was published in June 2009.
George Kassimeris is a Senior Research Fellow in Confl ict and Terrorism at
Wolverhampton University, and is the author of Europe ’ s Last Red Terrorists
the fi rst book on the 17 November group (New York University Press) and the
editor of The Barbarisation of Warfare (New York University Press) and P laying
Politics with Terrorism: A User ’ s Guide (Columbia University Press).
Fathali M. Moghaddam is Professor, Department of Psychology, and Director,
Confl ict Resolution Program, Department of Government, Georgetown
List of Contributors ix
University, and Senior Fellow, Stanford Center for Interdisciplinary Policy,
Education, and Research on Terrorism. His most recent books are
Multiculturalism and Intergroup Relations: Psychological Implications for
Democracy in Global Context (APA Press, 2008), G lobal Confl ict Resolution
Through Positioning Analysis (Springer, 2008, with Rom Harre and Naomi
Lee), and H ow Globalization Spurs Terrorism (Praeger, 2008). His forthcoming
book is ‘ The New Global Insecurity ’ (Praeger, 2010).
Sam Mullins gained an MA Hons in Psychology from the University of
Glasgow before completing an MSc in Investigative Psychology, with distinc-
tion, at the University of Liverpool, UK. He is currently researching home -
grown Islamist terrorism for his PhD at the Centre for Transnational Crime
Prevention at the University of Wollongong, Australia. He has published mate-
rial on terrorism, crime and policing.
Everard Phillips is a PhD candidate at the University of Liverpool researching
extortive kidnapping behaviour. Everard specializes in profi ling factors that
lead to post - settlement hostage homicide, hostage victimization, and the tacti-
cal negotiation behaviour of kidnappers who ransom. Although his focus
covers contemporary political motivated kidnapping as seen in Iraq and
Afghanistan, his primary focus is behaviours of the differing kidnap syndicates
that operate in Latin America, South East Asia and West Africa. Everard has
spoken extensively on the subject to a broad spectrum of audiences that have
included diplomatic, military, and various international risk and security
organizations.
Jeffrey Ian Ross is an Associate Professor in the Division of Criminology,
Criminal Justice and Forensic Studies, and a Fellow of the Center for
International and Comparative Law at the University of Baltimore. He has
researched, written, and lectured on national security, political violence,
political crime, violent crime, corrections, and policing for over two decades.
Ross ’ work has appeared in many academic journals and books, as well as
popular outlets. He has also published a number of books in his areas of
expertise as well as contributing to many broadcast and printed news media.
He has acted as consultant to a number of government agencies and com-
mercial organizations.
Sudhanshu Sarangi is a Senior Police Offi cer in India and is presently the head
of the Anti - Terror Command in the Eastern State of Orissa as Inspector
General of Police (Operations). He has long years of experience in dealing with
Left Wing Extremism. Mr Sarangi is a former British Chevening scholar and
is pursuing a PhD, supervised by Professor David Canter on the Psychological
Pathways to Militant Jihad.
x List of Contributors
Michael Stohl is Professor and Chair of the Department of Communication
and Professor of Political Science at the University of California, Santa Barbara
(UCSB). His research focuses on political communication and international
relations with special reference to political violence, terrorism, and human
rights. He is the author or co - author of more than one hundred scholarly
journal articles and book chapters and the author, editor or co - editor of twelve
books. Currently, he is International Partner Investigator for the Australian
Research Council funded Centre of Excellence for Policing and Security, a
partnership of the Australian National University and Griffi th University.
Amanda M. Sharp Parker is a doctoral student of Criminology at the University
of South Florida in Tampa, Florida. She obtained her Bachelor and Masters
degrees in Criminal Justice from East Carolina University in Greenville, North
Carolina. Her areas of research interest include emerging terrorism threats
(specifi cally cyberterrorism), the causation of terrorism and cross - national
terrorism trends. Amanda has presented throughout the United States and in
England, Spain, Poland and Northern Ireland on these topics.
Dr. Alex P. Schmid is Director of the Terrorism Research Initiative (TRI) and
Editor of its electronic journal ‘Perspectives on Terrorism’. During his career
he worked at eight different universities and at the United Nations where he
was Offi cer - in - Charge of the Terrorism Prevention Branch. Unitl May 2009
he was Director of the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence
at the University of St. Andrews. He is a Corresponding Member of the
Netherlands Royal Academy of Sciences and presently resides in Austria where
is completing a Handbook of Terrorism Research.
Clive Williams MG is a specialist on terrorism and politically motivated vio-
lence, with a career background in Australian military intelligence and
Australian Defence’ s strategic policy and intelligence areas. He has worked on
terrorism - related issues since 1980. In the past three years he has been a
Visiting Professor at the University of California and at the George Washington
University. In 2006 he was appointed an Adjunct Professor at Macquarie
University’ s Centre for Policing Intelligence and Counter - Terrorism (PICT)
in Sydney and a Visiting Professor at the Australian Defence Force Academy.
He is a member of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP),
the International Association of Bomb Technicians and Investigators (IABTI),
and the Australian Institute of Professional Intelligence Offi cers (AIPIO).
Robin Maria Valeri, PhD earned her BA in Psychology and Economics from
Cornell University and her MA and PhD in Psychology from Syracuse
University. She is currently a Professor of Psychology at St Bonaventure
University. Her work has appeared in various psychology and sociology jour-
List of Contributors xi
nals including the A merican Behavioral Scientist , Journal of Applied Social
Psychology , Journal of Applied Sociology , Michigan Sociological Review , and
Society and Animals .
Dr Michael Vishnevetsky is a part - time lecturer in Criminology at Salford
University, UK and Co - ordinator of the Salford University Centre for Prison
Studies (w ww.sucps.salford.ac.uk ). He obtained his PhD in Criminology from
Keele University, UK with a thesis entitled ‘ A socio - historical study into the
emergence and development of terrorist networks in the post - Soviet Chechen
Republic’ . The chapter he has contributed to this edited collection draws from
the fi ndings of his PhD research.
Dr Vishnevetsky has lectured on a variety of criminology and politics courses,
and his research interests span terrorism, political violence and radicalization,
Chechnya, and prisons. He can be contacted at [email protected] .