The Experience of Economic Redistribution: The Growth, Employment and Redistribution Strategy in South Africa (African Studies: History, Politics, Economics and Culture)

258 Pages·2006·1.47 MB·English

by  Clarence Tshitereke

African Studies
History, Politics, Economics, and Culture
Edited by
Molefi Asante
Temple University
A Routledge Series
African Studies
History, Politics, Economics, and Culture
Molefi Asante, General Editor
Non-Traditional Occupations, A Roadmap for Understanding
Empowerment and Women African Politics
A Case of Togolese Women Leadership and Political Integration in
Ayélé Léa Adubra Nigeria
Victor Oguejiofor Okafor
Contending Political Paradigms
in Africa Doing Justice Without the State
Rationality and the Politics of The Afikpo (Ehugbo) Nigeria Model
Democratization in Kenya and Zambia O. Oko Elechi
Shadrack Wanjala Nasong’o
Student Power in Africa’s Higher
Law, Morality and International Education
Armed Intervention A Case of Makerere University
The United Nations and ECOWAS Frederick Kamuhanda Byaruhanga
in Liberia
The NGO Factor in Africa
Mourtada Déme
The Case of Arrested Development in
The Hidden Debate Kenya
The Truth Revealed about the Battle Maurice Nyamanga Amutabi
over Affirmative Action in South Africa
Social Movements and Democracy
and the United States
in Africa
Akil Kokayi Khalfani
The Impact of Women’s Struggle for
Britain, Leftist Nationalists and Equal Rights in Botswana
the Transfer of Power in Nigeria, Agnes Ngoma Leslie
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Nefer
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The Aesthetic Ideal in Classical Egypt
Western-Educated Elites in Kenya, Willie Cannon-Brown
1900–1963
The Experience of Economic
The African American Factor
Redistribution
Jim C. Harper, II
The Growth, Employment and
Africa and IMF Conditionality Redistribution Strategy in South Africa
The Unevenness of Compliance, Clarence Tshitereke
1983–2000
Kwame Akonor
African Cultural Values
Igbo Political Leadership in Colonial
Nigeria, 1900–1966
Raphael Chijioke Njoku
The Experience of
Economic Redistribution
The Growth, Employment and
Redistribution Strategy in South Africa
Clarence Tshitereke
Routledge
New York & London
Routledge Routledge
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International Standard Book Number‑10: 0‑415‑98014‑3 (Hardcover)
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Tshitereke, Clarence, 1975‑
The experience of economic redistribution : the growth, employment and
redistribution strategy in South Africa / Clarence Tshitereke.
p. cm. ‑‑ (African studies : history, politics, economics, and culture)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0‑415‑98014‑3 (alk. paper)
1. Gold industry‑‑South Africa. 2. Gold mines and mining‑‑South Africa. 3.
Industrial relations‑‑South Africa. 4. South Africa‑‑Economic conditions‑‑1991‑ 5.
South Africa‑‑Politics and government‑‑1994‑ I. Title.
HD9536.S62T77 2006
338.2’7410968‑‑dc22 2006019785
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ISBN0-203-94429-1Master e-book ISBN
Contents
List of Tables vii
List of Figures ix
List of Acronyms xi
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Setting the Scene: An Introduction 1
Chapter One
Theoretical Approaches: Modes of Regulation and Accumulation 11
Chapter Two
Chamber of Mines and Labor: The Political Economy of South
Africa’s Gold Mining Industry, 1886–1987 31
Chapter Three
Evaluating GEAR: Labor and Employment Trends in the Chamber
Affiliated Gold of Mines 65
Chapter Four
From RDP to GEAR: The Political Economy of South Africa’s
Transition 97
v
vi Contents
Chapter Five
GEAR, Gold and Labor: The Politics of Redistribution 135
Conclusion
South Africa’s Transition in Retrospect 177
Notes 185
Bibliography 217
Index 231
List of Tables
Table 0.1. South Africa’s Minerals Reserves and Production,
2004 2
Table 0.2. Total Capital Accumulation of Selected South
African Mining Houses 3
Table 1.1. Washington Consensus 28
Table 2.1. South Africa’s Gold Production, 1900–1920 39
Table 2.2. Number of Mineworkers by Country of Origin,
1920–1970 44
Table 2.3. South Africa’s Gold Production and Average Labor
Employed, 1921–1973 49
Table 2.4. White and Black Miners’ Wages, 1968–1980 56
Table 2.5. Gold Production and Average Labor Employed,
1973–1987 62
Table 3.1. Gold Production and Average Labor Employed,
1987–1993 66
Table 3.2. South Africa’s Gold Output and Sales, 1987–2004 80
Table 3.3. Contributions to Real Gross Domestic Product,
2002–2004 88
vii
viii List of Tables
Table 4.1. Economically Active Population by Race and
Gender, 1996 98
Table 4.2. GEAR’s Projections, 1996–2000 114
Table 4.3. FDI Net Flow Units: Million US$, 1994–2000 120
Table 4.4. The Flow of Foreign Direct Investment: US$,
1997–2002 121
Table 4.5. What the Social Partners Wanted 123
Table 4.6. New Labor Laws, 1994–1999 127
Table 5.1. Delivering on Promise: AngloGold 2002 142
Table 5.2. South Africa’s Performance, 1980–1993 versus
1994–2000 168
List of Figures
Figure 2.1. The Push-pull Model 41
Figure 3.1. Amount of Economically Recoverable Gold Ore
at Different Working Costs 67
Figure 3.2. Direct Contribution of Mining to GDP 73
Figure 3.3. World’s Share of New Mine Supply, 1993–2004 75
Figure 3.4. South Africa’s Gold Production, 1884–2005 78
Figure 3.5. Trends in South Africa’s Gold Mining Industry
Base Indexed to 1961 85
Figure 3.6. Employment in SA Mines by Commodity, 2004 86
Figure 3.7. Cross-Sectional View of Total Cash Operating
Costs for Gold Mines, 2004 90
Figure 3.8. Average Number of Formal and Sub-contracted
Miners, 1986–2005 94
Figure 4.1. South Africa’s Gross Fixed Capital Formation
as a Percentage of GDP 117
Figure 4.2. A Schematic Representation of the Thinking
Behind GEAR 132
ix