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The Evolution of Everything BigHistoryseekstoretellthehumanstoryinlightofourpositionasalate-arriving specieson a very ancient planet. This book provides adeep, causal view of the forces that have shaped the Universe, the Earth, and humanity. Starting with the Big Bangand the formation of the Earth, ittracesthe evolutionaryhistory of theworld,focusingonhumanity’sorigins.Italsoexploresthemanynaturalforces shaping humanity, especiallythe evolution of the brain andbehavior.Moving throughtime, the causesof such importanttransformationsas agriculture, complex societies,the Industrial Revolution,the Enlightenment, and Modernity are placedin the contextof underlying changes in demography, learning, and social organization. Humansare biologicalcreatures,operatingwith instincts evolvedmillionsofyearsago,butinthecontextofarapidlychangingworld,and aswe try to adapt to new circumstances,we must regularly reckon with our deep past. Brian Villmoare is AssociateProfessor inthe Department of Anthropology atthe University of Nevada,Las Vegas (UNLV). His research interests rangefrom broad questionsof evolutionary theory to high-resolutionstudies of the homininface. Hiscurrentresearchprojectsincludestudyingtheroleofselectionandgeneticsin evolutionary change and extinction, the specificevolutionary constraintsand selection pressures responsible for hominincraniofacial form, and paleoanthropological fieldwork in Ethiopia.In 2013 he participated inthe discovery of the oldest fossil specimen of our genus, Homo. Published online by Cambridge University Press Published online by Cambridge University Press The Evolution of Everything The Patterns and Causes of Big History BRIAN VILLMOARE University of Nevada,Las Vegas Published online by Cambridge University Press ShaftesburyRoad,CambridgeCB28EA,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 103PenangRoad,#05–06/07,VisioncrestCommercial,Singapore238467 CambridgeUniversityPressispartofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment,a departmentoftheUniversityofCambridge. WesharetheUniversity’smissiontocontributetosocietythroughthepursuitof education,learningandresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108495653 DOI:10.1017/9781108862530 ©BrianVillmoare2023 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexceptionandtotheprovisions ofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,noreproductionofanypartmaytake placewithoutthewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress&Assessment. Firstpublished2023 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJBooksLimited,PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Villmoare,Brian,1967–author. Title:Theevolutionofeverything:thepatternsandcausesofbighistory/BrianVillmoare, UniversityofNevada,LasVegas. Description:Cambridge,UK;NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2023.|Includes bibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2021029788(print)|LCCN2021029789(ebook)|ISBN9781108862530 (epub)|ISBN9781108495653(hardback)|ISBN9781108797320(paperback) Subjects:LCSH:Humanbeings–Origin.|Humanevolution.|Genetics–Methodology. |Evolution(Biology) Classification:LCCGN281(ebook)|LCCGN281.V532021(print)|DDC599.93/8–dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021029788 ISBN978-1-108-49565-3Hardback ISBN978-1-108-79732-0Paperback CambridgeUniversityPress&Assessmenthasnoresponsibilityforthepersistence oraccuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhis publicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwill remain,accurateorappropriate. Published online by Cambridge University Press Contents List ofFigureCredits page vii Acknowledgments xvi 1 Introduction 1 Part I Introduction to the ScientificPerspective on the Past 2 The Origins ofthe Universe 19 3 The Structureand History of the Earth 31 4 Life 46 5 Evolution 60 6 Genetics 77 7 The Evolution of Complex Life 90 8 The CambrianExplosion 100 9 Fish and Land Animals 115 10 Protohumans 131 11 TheGenus Homo 145 12 Human Variation:The Science and History 159 v Published online by Cambridge University Press Contents 13 Evolution and Human Behavior 176 14 BrainEvolution 192 15 Chaos and Complexity 208 Part II Science and History 16 TheNeolithic 223 17 States andNations 239 18 Religion and Philosophy 259 19 TheEnlightenment 284 20 TheIndustrial Revolution 303 21 Economics 319 22 Globalism: Money and Power 343 23 Modernity 360 24 Prospects forthe Future 391 Additional Readings 404 Index 412 vi Published online by Cambridge University Press Figure Credits The publishers, organisations and individuals listed below are gratefully acknowledged for giving their permission to reproduce figures in which they hold thecopyright. Copyright holder/credit Figurenumber(s) Artists Rights Society OttoDix/ArtistsRightsSociety(ARS),NewYork/VG 23.2(middle right) Bild-Kunst,Bonn BundesArchiv © BundesArchiv 12.4(top) Getty Images © Mark Garlick/SciencePhotoLibrary/Getty 2.1 Images © Handout/Getty Images News/GettyImages 2.3 © Auscape/Universal Images Group/Getty Images 3.1 © QAI Publishing/Universal Images Group/Getty 3.2 Images © Arctic-Images/Stone/Getty Images/CC-BY-SA- 4.2 3.0 © MintImages-Frans Lanting/Getty Images 4.3 (top) © Mark Ireland/Moment/GettyImages 4.3 (bottom) © DanielaDuncan/Moment/Getty Images 5.3 (top left) © HansLang/imageBROKER/Getty Images 5.3 (bottom left) © Peter David/The Image Bank/Getty Images Plus 5.3 (bottom right) © BSIP/Universal Images Group/Getty Images 6.1,6.3 ©StefanieD.Hueber,GeorgF.Weiller,MichaelA. 6.5 Djordjevic, Tancred Frickey/Hox protein classification acrossmodel organismsbyCLANS analysis,Hueber etal./Wikimedia Commons/CC- BY-CA-4.0 © Dinoguy2/Creative Commons(Corrected 8.1 (top) Miglewis) © CoreyFord/Stocktrek Images/Getty Images 8.1 (bottom), 8.2 (left) © Schafer&Hill/The Image Bank/Getty Images 8.3 (top left) vii Published online by Cambridge University Press FigureCredits (cont) Copyright holder/credit Figurenumber(s) © DEA/G. 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