The Evolution of Brazil compared with that of Spanish and Anglo-Saxon America

169 Pages·1914·8.17 MB·English

by  Manuel de Oliveira Lima

LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY PUBLICATIONS
UNIVERSITY SERIES
The Evolution of Brazil
compared with that of
and America
Spanish Anglo-Saxon
BY
MANOEL DE OLIVEIRA LIMA
Edited with Introduction and Notes
BY
PERCY ALVIN MARTIN
Assistant Professor of History
Leland Stanford Junior University
(Issued June, 1914)
Stanford University, California
Published by the University
1914
STANFORD UNIVERSITY
PRESS
TO
PRESIDENT JOHN CASPER BRANNER
DISTINGUISHED SCIENTIST, EMINENT SCHOLAR AND TRUE FRIEND OF BRAZIL
INTOKEN OF
ADMIRATION AND AFFECTION

CONTENTS
PAGE
INTRODUCTION 9
LECTURE
I.
The conquest of America. Religious defence of the native element. Indians
andnegroes. The colorproblem andthe discrimination against thecol-
onists. The institution of slavery and the conditions of political inde-
pendence in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies, affecting diversely
the abolition of slavery. The first Spanish American civil war and the
verdict of history in regard to it. The social organization in the pos-
sessions of the New World. The Indians and the clergy. The part
taken by the Jesuits. The fusion of the races and the neo-European
product. Causes of the separation: disregard of nationality and eco-
nomic exploitation. Monopolies and prohibitions. Spiritual tutelage
and emancipation. Historical reasons for the Catholic intolerance.
Intellectual revival of the Iberian Peninsula during the Spanish reign
of Charles Til, and under the Portuguese dictatorship of the Marquis
de Pombal. Influence of this revival in the colonies. 16
LECTURE
II.
European ideas brought over the sea by contraband books and native travel-
ers. Intercourse between mother-country and colony. The intellec-
tual progress of the New World of Latin America before its political
emancipation. Comparison with the progress of the British posses-
sions. The race, environment, and period. The race problem in
America. Traditional sympathy felt in Latin America for the inferior
races. State of the colonial culture in the Iberian and Anglo-Saxon
sections. Territorial conquests of Portuguese and Spaniards. The po-
litical unit: the municipal chambers and cabildos. Their conception and
realization in the colonies and their significance in the mother-countries
of Europe. The Cabildo of Montevideo and the part it took in the
Revolution. The municipal chambers of Brazil and Independence.
The political and social reconstruction of the new countries. Educa-
tion and charity. Characteristics of colonial education. The lack of
political education in Latin America. The general characteristics of
particularism and the American conception of federalism. . . 36
LECTURE
III.
Origin of the federative principle. Local government and administrative cen-
tralization in Portuguese and Spanish America: Their different
aspects. Lack of uniformity in colonial legislation. Viceroys and
Audiencias. Union through confederation in the three Americas.
6 CONTENTS
Schemes of American royalties: Aranda, Pitt and Chateaubriand.
The monarchical idea in Latin America and its moral effect. The first
Monroe Doctrine. Franco-British rivalries in the course of the eigh-
teenth and nineteenth centuries. Napoleon and the British interests
in the New World. Monarchical possibilities in Buenos Aires, Mexico,
and Colombia. Pitiable role of Ferdinand VII. Iturbide, Bolivar, and
San Martin. European or Creole dynasties. Historical function of the
Brazilian Empire. The moderate minds in the colonies and liberal
ideas in Spain. Precedents for the idea of separation. The traditional
discontent, the genesis of the patriotic instinct, and the personal tie
between the sovereign and his possessions in America. 55
LECTURE IV.
Representativetypesinthe struggleforthe independenceofthe New World.
The Mexican curate Hidalgo and the Latin American clergy, partisans
of national independence. The Brazilian priests in the revolution, in
the Constituent Assembly and in the government. Temporary union
of the aristocratic, religious and popular elements. The Creole royalty
of Iturbide and the imperialistic jacobinism of Bolivar. The conserv-
ative and the revolutionary elements in the new political societies.
Jose" Bonifacio, Dom Pedro and Brazilian emancipation. Bolivar's
political psychology and its historical parallel with that of San Mar-
tin. Their double sketch in the light of sociology, by F. Garcia Calde-
ron. Their antagonistic temperaments and different education. Fed-
eration applied, and the international ideal of Bolivar: Solidarity, medi-
ation, arbitration and territorial integrity. Thepact of Panamaand the
abstention of the United States. Bolivar's nationalism, his generos-
ity. Nativism of the subsequent libertadores; more in harmony with
the environment. Melancholy destiny of the superior men of the Inde-
pendence and of their patriotic work. Advent of the anarchic.el.eme.nt,
premature political decadence, and dawn of regeneration. 74
LECTURE V.
The work of neo-Latin emancipation and the Iberian-American element.
Andres Bello and Mariano Moreno, types of superior colonial intel-
lects. Thebookswhich San Martin and Bolivar read. Critical sense of
Bolivar. The poem Junin, by Olmedo. Constituent assemblies and
constitutions. The "Middle Ages" of the new Spanish-Portuguese
world. Its first intellectual currents. The liberal ideas of the genera-
tion of the Independence and the part taken by the colonial representa-
tives in the Cortes of Cadiz and Lisbon. Character of the literature
of the new countries. Heroic poetry and the Indianist school. The
tradition of the mother-tongue among the neo-Spanish peoples. The
cultofthe Past. French influence in literature and politics. The eclec-
ticism of Cousin and the Positivist training. Effect of English and
German philosophies. European Idealism in America. Science and
mental speculation. Traditionalism and Modernism 94