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ABRAHAM LINCOLN FROMANUNPUBLISHED ORIGINALDRAWING BYJOHNNELSON MARBLE THE EVERY-DAY LIFE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN A NARRATIVE AND DESCRIPTIVE BIOGRAPHY WITH PEN-PICTURES AND PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS BY THOSE WHO KNEW HIM BY FRANCIS FISHER BROWNE Compiler of "GoldenPoems," "BugleEchoes, Poseof theCivil War," "Laurel-CrownedVerse," etc. NEWANDTHOROUGHLYREVISEDEDITION,FROM NEWPLATES,WITH ANENTIRELYNEWPORTRAITOFLINCOLN,FROMA CHARCOALSTUDYBYJ.K.MARBLE CHICAGO BROWNE& HOWELLCOMPANY 1913 vFRANCIS FISHER BROWNE 1843-1913 Thepresent revisionof "TheEvery-dayLifeofAbraham Lincoln" was the last literarylabor ofits author.He hadlongwishedtoundertakethework, andhadtalkedmuchofit for several years past.But favorable arrangements forthebook's republication werenot completeduntil about a year ago.Then, thoughbynomeans recovered from anattackofpneumonia lateintheprevious winter, hetookupthe task of revisionandrecastingwithsomethingof hisold-timeenergy. It was a far heaviertask thanhe had anticipated,but hegaveit practicallyhis undividedattentionuntil withinthree orfour weeks ofhis death. Onlywhenthelast pages ofmanuscript hadbeen despatched totheprinterdidheyieldtothe overwhelmingphysical sufferingthat had beenuponhim fora longtimepast.His death occurred at SantaBarbara, California,onMay11. Francis Fisher Browne was bornat SouthHalifax,Vermont,onDecember 1,1843.His parentage,on bothsides, was of thepurest NewEngland stock.Earlyinhis childhood,thefamilymoved toWestern Massachusetts,where theboywent toschool and learned theprintingtrade inhis father's newspaper officeat Chicopee.As aladof eighteen,he left thehighschool inanswertothe government's call for volunteers, servingfor ayear withthe46thMassachusetts Regiment inNorthCarolinaandwiththe Armyof thePotomac.Whenthe regiment was discharged,in1863,hedecidedtotake upthe studyof vilaw. RemovingtoRochester, N.Y., heentered alawofficeinthat city; and ayear ortwolaterbegana brief courseinthe lawdepartment ofthe UniversityofMichigan.He was unable tocontinuein college, however,and returnedtoRochestertofollowhis trade. Immediatelyafter his marriage,in1867,he came toChicago, withthe definite intentionof engagingin literarywork.Here hebecameassociatedwith"TheWestern Monthly,"which,withthe fuller establishment ofhis control,he rechristened"The LakesideMonthly."Thebest writers throughout the West weregraduallyenlistedas contributors; andit was not longbeforethemagazinewas generally recognized as themost creditable andpromisingperiodical west oftheAtlantic seaboard.But along withthis increasingprestige camea series ofextraneous setbacks andcalamities, culminatingina completephysical breakdownof its editorand owner,which madethemagazine's suspension imperative. FRANCIS F.BROWNE Thesixyears immediatelyfollowing, from 1874to1880,werelargelyspent ina searchfor health. Duringpart ofthis time,however, Mr.Browneacted as literaryeditorof "TheAlliance," andas special editorial writerfor some oftheleadingChicagonewspapers. But his mindwas preoccupiedwithplans for anew periodical—this time ajournal ofliterarycriticism,modeledsomewhat after suchEnglish publications as "TheAthenæum" and"TheAcademy." In the furtherance ofthis boldconceptionhe was abletointerest the publishingfirm of Jansen,McClurg& Co.; and under theirimprint,inMay, 1880, appeared thefirst issueofTHE DIAL, "a monthlyreview and index of current literature."At about the sametimehe becameliteraryadvisertothepublishingdepartment ofthe house, andfortwelve years thereaftertoiled unremittinglyat his doubletask-work.In 1892,negotiations were completed whereby he acquired Messrs. McClurg& Co.'s interest intheperiodical. It was enlargedinvii scope, andmade a semi-monthly; andfrom that time until his deathit appeared uninterruptedlyunder his guidance andhis control. Besides his writings inTHE DIALandotherperiodicals, Mr.Browne is theauthorofa small volume of poems, "Volunteer Grain" (1895).Healso compiledandedited several anthologies,—"BugleEchoes," a collection ofCivilWarpoems (1886); "GoldenPoems byBritish andAmericanAuthors" (1881); "TheGoldenTreasuryofPoetryandProse" (1883); and sevenvolumes of"Laurel-CrownedVerse" (1891-2).He was one ofthesmall groupofmenwho,in1874,foundedtheChicagoLiteraryClub; and for anumber ofyears past hehas beenanhonorarymemberof that organization,as well as of the CaxtonClub(Chicago)andtheTwilight Club(Pasadena,Cal.).Duringthe summerof1893he served as Chairman oftheCommittee onthe Congress ofAuthors oftheWorld's CongressAuxiliaryofthe Columbian Exposition. THE PUBLISHERS ix PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Theoriginal editionof this bookwas publishedabout twentyyears afterLincoln's deathat the closeof theCivilWar.At that timemanyof themenwhohad takenaprominent part inthe affairs, militaryand civil,ofthat heroic period,manywho had known Lincolnandhadcome inpersonal contact withhim duringthewaror inhis earlieryears, were still living.It was avividconceptionofthe valueofthe personal recollections ofthesemen,gathered andrecorded beforeit was toolate, that led tothe preparationof this book.It was intendedtobe,andineffect it was, largelyananecdotal Life ofLincoln built of material gatheredfrom menstill livingwho hadknownhim personally.The task was begun none toosoon. Of thehundreds who responded totherequests for contributions of theirmemories of Lincolntherewerefewwhose lives extendedveryfar intothesecond quarter-centuryafterhis death, and fewindeed surviveafterthelapse ofnearlyfiftyyears,—thoughinseveral instances the authorhas been so fortunate as toget valuablematerial directlyfrom persons still living(1913).Ofthemore than fivehundredfriends andcontemporaries ofLincolntowhom credit formaterial is given inthe original edition,scarcelya dozenarelivingat thedate ofthis secondedition.Therefore,the valueofthese reminiscences increases withtime.Theyweregatheredlargelyat first hand.Theycanneverbe replaced, norcan theyeverbeverymuchextended. This bookbrings Lincolntheman,not Lincolnthetradition,veryneartous.Browningasked,"Anddid xyou onceseeShelleyplain?And didhe stopandspeaktoyou?"Themenwhose narratives makeupa large part ofthis bookall saw Lincolnplain,andheretell us what he spoketothem,andhowhe looked and seemedwhilesayingit.Thegreat events ofLincoln's life,and impressions of his character, are givenintheactual words of those whoknewhim—his friends, neighbors, anddailyassociates—rather thancondensedand remoldedintootherform.Whilethese utterances areinsomecases rude and unstudied,theyhave oftena power ofdelineationand agraphic forcethat morethan compensate for anylackofliteraryquality. In a workpreparedonsucha planas this, somerepetitions are unavoidable; norare theyundesirable. Anevent orincident narrated bydifferent observers is therebybrought out withgreaterfulness of detail; andphases ofLincoln's many-sided characterarerevealedmoreclearlybythevaried impressions ofnumerous witnesses whoseaccounts thus correct or verifyeachother.Some inconsistencies andcontradictions areinevitable,—but theserelate usuallytominormatters, seldom or nevertothegreat essentials ofLincoln's life andpersonality.Theauthor's desire istopresent material from which thereadermayform anopinionofLincoln, ratherthantopresent opinions and judgments ofhis own. Lincolnliteraturehas increasedamazinglyinthepast twenty-fiveyears. Mentionoftheprincipal biographies inexistenceat thetimeof theoriginal editionwas included inthePreface.Sincethenthere haveappeared, amongthemore formal biographies, the comprehensive andauthoritative workby NicolayandHay, thesubsequent workbyMiss IdaTarbell,and that byHerndonandWeik,besides manymore orless fragmentarypublications. Someadditions, butnot many, have beenmade to the present editionfrom thesesources.The recently-publishedDiaryofGideonWelles, one ofthemost xi valuablecommentaries ontheCivilWarperiod nowavailable, has providedsome material of exceptional interest concerningLincoln's relations withthemembers ofhis Cabinet. In re-writingthepresent work, ithas been compressedintoabout two-thirds of its formercompass,to renderit more popularbothinform andin price,andtogiveit insome places agreater measure of coherencyandcontinuityas anoutlinenarrativeof theCivilWar. But its chief appeal totheinterest of its readers will remainsubstantiallywhat it was inthebeginning,as set forthinits title,"The Every- dayLife ofAbraham Lincoln,byThoseWhoKnew Him." F.F.B. SANTABARBARA,CAL.,April,1913. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION This bookaims togive aview,clearerand morecompletethanhas beengivenbefore, ofthe personalityofAbraham Lincoln.Alifeso full ofincident and acharacterso many-sidedas hiscanbe understoodonlywiththelapse oftime.Asenseof theexhaustless interest ofthat life and character, and theinadequacyoftheordinarilyconstructedbiographytoportrayhis many-sidedness, suggestedthe preparationof awork uponthenovel planhererepresented.Begunseveral years ago, the undertaking provedofsuchmagnitudethat its completionhas been delayed beyondtheanticipated time.The extensive correspondence,theexplorationofavailable sources ofinformationinthebooks, pamphlets, magazines, andnewspapers ofaquarter ofacentury, andinthescraps andpapers of historical collections, becameanalmost interminable task.The examinationandsiftingofthis mass of material, its verificationamidst often conflictingtestimony,andits finalmoldingintoshape,involvedtime and laborthatcanbe estimated onlybythosewhohavehadsimilar experience. Tothemanywho have kindlyfurnished original contributions,toothers whohave aidedthework by valuablesuggestions andinformation,toearlierbiographies ofLincoln—thoseofRaymond,Holland, Barrett,Lamon, Carpenter,and(the best andlatest ofall)that ofHon. I.N.Arnold—hearty acknowledgment is made.Much that was offeredcouldnot beused. In the choice ofmaterial,from whatever source, the purposehas beento avoidmereopinions andeulogies ofLincoln andtogive xivabundantlythoseactual experiences, incidents, anecdotes, andreminiscences whichreveal the phases ofhis uniqueandstrikingpersonality. It scarcelyneed bepointedout that this work does notattempttogivea connectedhistoryoftheCivil War,but onlytosketch brieflythose episodes withwhichLincolnis personallyidentifiedandofwhich someknowledge is essential toanunderstandingofhis acts andcharacter.Others are brought into prominenceonlyas theyare associatedwiththechiefactorinthe great drama. Manyofthem are disappearing,—fadingintothesmokyandluridbackground.Butthatcolossal central figure,playing one ofthe grandest roles everset uponthestage ofhumanlife, becomes more impressiveas thescenes recede. F.F.B. CHICAGO, October,1886. CONTENTS CHAPTER I Ancestry—The Lincolns inKentucky—Death ofLincoln's Grandfather—Thomas Lincolnand Nancy Hanks—Mordecai Lincoln—BirthofAbraham Lincoln—Removal toIndiana—EarlyYears—Dennis Hanks—Lincoln's Boyhood—Death ofNancyHanks—EarlySchool Days—Lincoln's First Dollar— Presentiments ofFutureGreatness—DowntheMississippi—Removal toIllinois—Lincoln's Father— LincolntheStorekeeper—First OfficialAct—Lincoln's Short Sketchof His Own Life CHAPTER II ATurn inAffairs—TheBlackHawkWar—ARemarkableMilitaryManoeuvre—LincolnProtects an Indian—Lincoln and Stuart—Lincoln's MilitaryRecord—Nominatedforthe Legislature—Lincolna Merchant—Postmasterat NewSalem—LincolnStudies Law—Elected tothe Legislature—Personal Characteristics—Lincoln's Love forAnneRutledge—Closeof Lincoln'sYouth CHAPTER III Lincoln's Beginningas aLawyer—His EarlyTaste for Politics—LincolnandtheLightning-RodMan— Not anAristocrat—ReplytoDr.Early—AManlyLetter—AgainintheIllinoisLegislature—The "Long Nine"—LincolnonHisWaytotheCapital—HisAmbitionin1836—First MeetingwithDouglas— Removal oftheIllinois Capital—OneofLincoln's EarlySpeeches—Pro-SlaverySentiment inIllinois —Lincoln's OppositiontoSlavery—Contest withGeneral Ewing—Lincoln Lays out aTown—The Title"HonestAbe" CHAPTER IV Lincoln's Removal toSpringfield—ALawyer without Clients orMoney—EarlyDiscouragements— Proposes tobecome aCarpenter—"Stuart & Lincoln,Attorneys at Law"—"RidingtheCircuit"— Incidents ofaTripRoundtheCircuit—PenPictures ofLincoln—HumaneTraits—Kindness toAnimals —DefendingFugitiveSlaves—Incidents inLincoln's Life as aLawyer—His Fondness for Jokes and Stories CHAPTERV LincolnintheLegislature—Eight ConsecutiveYears of Service—His InfluenceintheHouse—Leader oftheWhigPartyinIllinois—Takes aHand inNational Politics—Presidential Electionin1840—A "LogCabin" Reminiscence—SomeMemorablePolitical Encounters—ATilt withDouglas—Lincoln Facing a Mob—His Physical Courage—Lincolnas Duellist—TheAffairwithGeneral Shields—An Eye-Witness'Account of theDuel—Courtshipand Marriage CHAPTERVI LincolninNational Politics—His CongressionalAspirations—Law-Partnershipof Lincolnand Herndon—ThePresidential Campaignof 1844—VisittoHenryClay—LincolnElected toCongress— Congressional Reputation—AcquaintancewithDistinguished Men—FirstSpeechinCongress —"GettingtheHang"of theHouse—Lincoln's Course onthe MexicanWar—NotableSpeechin Congress—Ridicule ofGeneral Cass—Bill fortheAbolitionof Slavery—DelegatetotheWhig National Conventionof1848—StumpingtheCountryforTaylor—AdvicetoYoungPoliticians—"Old Abe"—APolitical Disappointment—Lincoln'sAppearanceas an Officer SeekerinWashington—"A Divinitythat Shapes Our Ends" CHAPTERVII LincolnagaininSpringfield—Back tothe Circuit—His Personal Manners andAppearance—Glimpses ofHome-Life—His Family—HisAbsent-Mindedness—APainful Subject—LincolnaMan ofSorrows —FamiliarAppearance ontheStreets ofSpringfield—Scenes intheLaw-Office—Forebodings ofa "Great ofMiserableEnd"—AnEveningWhit LincolninChicago—Lincoln'sTenderness toHis Relatives—Death ofHis Father—ASensibleAdviser—Care ofHis Step-Mother—Tribute From Her CHAPTERVIII Lincolnas a Lawyer—HisAppearance inCourt—Reminiscences ofa Law-Student inLincoln's Office —An"Office Copy" of Byron—NovelWayofKeepingPartnershipAccounts—Charges forLegal Services—Trial ofBillArmstrong—Lincolnbeforea Jury—Kindness toward UnfortunateClients— RefusingtoDefendGuiltyMen—CourtroomAnecdotes—Anecdotes ofLincolnat theBar—Some StrikingOpinions of Lincolnas aLawyer CHAPTER IX LincolnandSlavery—TheIssueBecomingMore SharplyDefined—Resistance totheSpreadof Slavery—Views Expressed byLincolnin 1850—His MindMade Up—Lincolnas aPartyLeader—The Kansas Struggle—CrossingSwords withDouglas—ANotable SpeechbyLincoln—AdvicetoKansas Belligerents—Honor inPolitics—Anecdote ofLincolnandYates—Contest for the U.S.Senatein1855 —Lincoln's Defeat—Sketched byMembers oftheLegislature CHAPTER X Birthof theRepublicanParty—Lincoln OneofIts Fathers—Takes His StandwiththeAbolitionists— TheBloomingtonConvention—Lincoln's GreatAnti-SlaverySpeech—ARatificationMeetingofThree —TheFirst National Republican Convention—Lincoln's Name PresentedfortheVice-Presidency— NominationofFremont andDayton—Lincolninthe Campaign of1856—HisAppearance and Influence onthe Stump—Regardedas aDangerous Man—HisViews onthePolitics ofthe Future— FirstVisit toCincinnati—MeetingwithEdwin M.Stanton—Stanton's First Impressions ofLincoln— Regards Him as a"Giraffe"—AVisit toCincinnati CHAPTER XI TheGreat Lincoln-Douglas Debate—Rivals forthe U.S.Senate—Lincoln's "House-Divided-against- Itself" Speech—An InspiredOration—AlarmingHis Friends—Challenges Douglas toa Joint Discussion—TheChampions Contrasted—Their Opinionsof Each Other—Lincolnand Douglas onthe Stump—SlaverytheLeadingIssue—Scenes andAnecdotes of theGreat Debate—Pen-Pictureof LincolnontheStump—Humors oftheCampaign—SomeSharpRejoinders—Words ofSoberness— CloseoftheConflict CHAPTER XII AYear ofWaitingandTrial—Again Defeated fortheSenate—DepressionandNeglect—Lincoln EnlargingHis Boundaries—OntheStumpinOhio—ASpeech toKentuckians—SecondVisit to Cincinnati—AShortTriptoKansas—Lincoln inNewYorkCity—The Famous Cooper Institute Speech—AStrongand Favorable Impression—Visits NewEngland—Secret ofLincoln's Success as an Orator—Back toSpringfield—Disposingofa CampaignSlander—Lincoln'sAccount ofHisVisit toa Five Points SundaySchool CHAPTER XIII Lookingtowards the Presidency—TheIllinois RepublicanConventionof1860—A"Send-Off" for Lincoln—The National RepublicanConventionat Chicago—Contract oftheLeadingCandidates— LincolnNominated—Scenes at the Convention—Sketches byEye-Witnesses—LincolnHearingthe News—TheSceneat Springfield—AVisit toLincolnat His Home—Recollections ofa Distinguished Sculptor—ReceivingtheCommittee oftheConvention—Nominationof Douglas—Campaignof1860 —Various Campaign Reminiscences—Lincolnand theTall Southerner—TheVoteoftheSpringfield Clergy—AGraceful LettertothePoet Bryant—"LookingupHardSpots" CHAPTER XIV LincolnChosenPresident—TheElectionof1860—TheWaiting-Time at Springfield—ADelugeof Visitors—Various Impressions ofthe President-Elect—Some QueerCallers—Lookingover the SituationwithFriends—Talks about theCabinet—ThurlowWeed'sVisit toSpringfield—TheSerious Aspect ofNationalAffairs—TheSouthinRebellion—Treason at the National Capital—Lincoln's FarewellVisit toHis Mother—TheOldSign, "Lincoln& Herndon"—The Last Dayat Springfield— Farewell Speech toFriends and Neighbors—Off fortheCapital—The JourneytoWashington— Receptions and Speeches alongthe Route—At Cincinnati:AHithertoUnpublished Speech byLincoln —At Cleveland: Personal Descriptions ofMr.and Mrs.Lincoln—At NewYorkCity: Impressionsof theNew President—Perils oftheJourney—TheBaltimorePlot—Change ofRoute—Arrival at the Capital CHAPTER XV Lincolnat theHelm—First Days inWashington—MeetingPublic—Men andDiscussingPublicAffairs —TheInauguration—TheInauguralAddress—ANewEra Begun—LincolnintheWhiteHouse—The First Cabinet—The President andthe Office-Seekers—Southern Prejudiceagainst Lincoln—Ominous Portents, butLincoln not Dismayed—ThePresident's ReceptionRoom—VariedImpressions of the New President—GuardingtheWhiteHouse CHAPTER XVI CivilWar—Uprisingofthe Nation—ThePresident's First Call forTroops—Response oftheLoyal North—TheRiots inBaltimore—LoyaltyofStephenA. Douglas—Douglas's Death—Blockadeof SouthernPorts—AdditionalWar Measures—LincolnxixDefines thePolicyoftheGovernment—His ConciliatoryCourse—His Desire toSaveKentucky—The President's First Message toCongress— GatheringofTroops inWashington—Reviews andParades—Disaster at Bull Run—ThePresident Visits theArmy—GoodAdvicetoanAngryOfficer—APeculiarCabinet Meeting—DarkDays for Lincoln—A"Black Mood" intheWhiteHouse—Lincoln's UnfalteringCourage—ReliefinStory- Telling—APrettyGoodLandTitle—"Measuringup"withCharles Sumner—General Scott "Unable as a Politician"—AGood Drawing-Plaster—TheNewYorkMillionaires whoWantedaGunboat—A GoodBridge-Builder—ASickLot of Office-Seekers CHAPTER XVII Lincoln'sWise Statesmanship—TheMason andSlidellAffair—Complications withEngland— Lincoln's "LittleStory" ontheTrentAffair—Buildingof the"Monitor"—Lincoln's Part inthe Enterprise—The President's FirstAnnual Message—Discussionof theLaborQuestion—APresident's ReceptioninWarTime—AGreatAffliction—Death intheWhiteHouse—Chapters from the Secret Service—AMorningCall onthePresident—GoldwinSmith's Impressions ofLincoln—Other Notable Tributes CHAPTER XVIII LincolnandHis Cabinet—An OddAssortmentof Officials—Misconceptions ofRights and Duties— Frictions andMisunderstandings—TheEarlyCabinet Meetings—Informal ConversationalAffairs— QueerAttitude towardtheWar—Regarded as a PoliticalAffair—ProximitytoWashingtonaHindrance toMilitarySuccess—Disturbances intheCabinet—ASenateCommittee Demands Seward's Removal from theCabinet—Lincoln's Masteryof theSituation—HarmonyRestored—StantonbecomesWar Secretary—Sketch ofa RemarkableMan—Next toLincoln,theMaster-MindoftheCabinet—Lincoln theDominant Power CHAPTER XIX Lincoln's PersonalAttentiontothe MilitaryProblems oftheWar—Efforts toPush forward theWar— DishearteningDelays—Lincoln'sWorryandPerplexityBrighteningProspects—UnionVictories in NorthCarolina andTennessee—Proclamationbythe President—LincolnWants toSeefor Himself— Visits Fortress Monroe—Witnesses anAttackontheRebel Ram "Merrimac"—TheCapture ofNorfolk —Lincoln'sAccount of theAffair—Letter toMcClellan—LincolnandtheUnionSoldiers—His xxTenderSolicitudefortheBoys inBlue—SoldiersAlwaysWelcomeat theWhiteHouse—Pardoning CondemnedSoldiers—Letter toaBereaved Mother—TheCase ofCyrus Pringle—Lincoln's Love of Soldiers' Humor—Visitingthe Soldiers inTrenches and Hospitals—Lincoln at "The Soldiers'Rest" CHAPTER XX LincolnandMcClellan—The PeninsularCampaignof 1862—Impatience withMcClellan's Delay— LincolnDefends McClellanfrom Unjust Criticism—Some HarrowingExperiences—McClellan Recalledfrom thePeninsula—HisTroops GiventoGeneral Pope—Pope's Defeat at Manassas—A Critical Situation—McClellanagain inCommand—LincolnTakes theResponsibility—McClellan's Account ofHis Reinstatement—TheBattleofAntietam—The PresidentVindicated—Again DissatisfiedwithMcClellan—Visits theArmyintheField—ThePresident inthe Saddle— Correspondence betweenLincolnandMcClellan—McClellan's Final Removal—Lincoln's Summing- UpofMcClellan—McClellan's "Body-Guard" CHAPTER XXI LincolnandSlavery—Plan forGradual Emancipation—Anti-SlaveryLegislationin1862—Pressure Brought toBear ontheExecutive—TheDelegationof Quakers—AVisitfrom ChicagoClergymen— InterviewbetweenLincoln andChanning—Lincoln and Horace Greeley—The President'sAnswerto "ThePrayer ofTwentyMillionsof People"—Conferencebetween LincolnandGreeley—Emancipation Resolvedon—The PreliminaryProclamation—Lincoln'sAccount of It—PreparingfortheFinalAct— TheEmancipationProclamation—Particulars oftheGreat Document—FateoftheOriginal Draft— Lincoln's Outline ofHis CourseandViews RegardingSlavery CHAPTER XXII President and People—Societyat theWhiteHouse in1862-3—The President's Informal Receptions— AVarietyofCallers—CharacteristicTraitsof Lincoln—HisAbilitytoSayNo whenNecessary— Wouldnot Countenance Injustice—GoodSenseandTact inSettlingQuarrels—His Shrewd Knowledge ofMen—GettingRidofBores—LoyaltytoHis Friends—Views ofHis Own Position—"Attorneyfor thePeople"—DesirethatTheyShouldUnderstandHim—His Practical Kindness—ABadlyScared Petitioner—TellingaStorytoRelieveBad News—ABreakingHeart beneaththeSmiles—His Deeply Religious Nature—The ChangesWrought byGrief CHAPTER XXIII Lincoln's Home-LifeintheWhite House—Comfort intheCompanionshipofhisYoungest Son —"LittleTad" theBright Spot intheWhiteHouse—The President andHis Little BoyReviewingthe Armyof thePotomac—Various Phases of Lincoln's Character—His LiteraryTastes—Fondness for PoetryandMusic—His Remarkable Memory—Not aLatinScholar—NeverRead aNovel—Solace in Theatrical Representation—Anecdotes ofBoothandMcCullough—Methods ofLiteraryWork— Lincolnas an Orator—CautioninImpromptuSpeeches—His LiteraryStyle—Management ofHis PrivateCorrespondence—Knowledge ofWoodcraft—Trees andHuman Character—ExchangingViews withProfessorAgassiz—MagnanimitytowardOpponents—Righteous Indignation—Lincoln's Religious Nature CHAPTER XXIV Trials oftheAdministrationin1863—HostilitytoWarMeasures—Lackof Confidenceat the North— OppositioninCongress—How LincolnFeltabout the "FireintheRear"—Criticisms fromVarious Quarters—Visit of"theBostonSet"—TheGovernment onaTight-Rope—TheEnlistment of Colored Troops—Interview betweenLincolnand Frederick Douglass—Reverses intheField—Changes of MilitaryLeaders—From BurnsidetoHooker—Lincoln's First Meetingwith"FightingJoe"—The President's Solicitude—HisWarningLettertoHooker—HisVisittotheRappahannock—Hooker's Self- Confidence the"WorstThingabout Him"—The Defeat at Chancellorsville—The Failureof Our Generals—"Wanted,aMan" CHAPTER XXV TheBattle-Summer of1863—ATurn oftheTide—Lee's InvasionofPennsylvania—AThreatening Crisis—Change ofUnionCommanders—Meade Succeeds Hooker—The Battleof Gettysburg— Lincoln'sAnxietyduringtheFight—The Retreat of Lee—UnionVictories intheSouthwest—The Capture ofVicksburg—Lincoln'sThanks toGrant—ReturningCheerfulness—Congratulations tothe Country—Improved StateofFeelingat theNorth—State Elections of1863—TheAdministration Sustained—DedicationoftheNational Cemeteryat Gettysburg—Lincoln'sAddress—Scenes and Incidents at theDedication—Meetingwith OldJohnBurns—EdwardEverett's Impressions of Lincoln CHAPTER XXVI LincolnandGrant—Their Personal Relations—Grant's Success at Chattanooga—Appointed Lieutenant-General—Grant's FirstVisit toWashington—His MeetingwithLincoln—Lincoln's First Impressionsof Grant—TheFirst "General"Lincoln hadFound—"That Presidential Grub"—True Versionof theWhiskeyAnecdote—LincolnTells Grant theStoryofSykes's Dog—"We'dBetterLet Mr. Grant HaveHis OwnWay"—Grant's Estimate ofLincoln CHAPTER XXVII Lincoln's Second PresidentialTerm—HisAttitudetoward it—Rival Candidates for theNomination— Chase'sAchilleanWrath—HarmonyRestored—TheBaltimoreConvention—Decision"not toSwap Horses while Crossinga Stream"—The Summerof 1864—WashingtonagainThreatened—Lincoln underFire—Unpopular Measures—ThePresident's Perplexities andTrials—TheFamous Letter "To Whom It MayConcern"—Little Expectationof Re-election—Dangers ofAssassination—AThrilling Experience—Lincoln's ForcedSerenity—"The Saddest ManintheWorld"—ABreakintheClouds— LincolnVindicatedbyRe-election—Cheered andReassured—MoreTroublewithChase—Lincoln's FinalDisposalof Him—ThePresident's FourthAnnual Message—His Positiontoward theRebellion and SlaveryReaffirmed—ColoredFolks' Receptionat theWhiteHouse—Passage oftheAmendment ProhibitingSlavery—Lincoln andtheSouthernPeace Commissioners—TheMeetinginHampton Roads—Lincoln's ImpressionofA.H. Stephens—TheSecondInauguration—Second Inaugural Address—"WithMalicetoward None,withCharityforAll"—AnAuspiciousOmen CHAPTER XXVIII CloseoftheCivilWar—LastActsintheGreatTragedy—Lincolnat the Front—AMemorableMeeting —Lincoln,Grant, Sherman,and Porter—Life onShipboard—Visit toPetersburg—Lincolnandthe Prisoners—LincolninRichmond—TheNegroesWelcomingTheir"Great Messiah"—AWarm Reception—Lee's Surrender—Lincoln Receives theNews—Universal Rejoicing—Lincoln's Last Speech tothePublic—His Feelings andIntentions towardtheSouth—His Desire forReconciliation CHAPTER XXIX TheLast ofEarth—Events oftheLast Dayof Lincoln's Life—The Last CabinetMeeting—TheLast Drive withMrs. Lincoln—Incidents of theAfternoon—Riddance toJacobThompson—AFinalAct of Pardon—TheFatal Evening—TheVisit totheTheatre—TheAssassin's Shot—ASceneof Horror— Particulars oftheCrime—The DyingPresident—ANation's Grief—Funeral Obsequies—The Returnto Illinois—At Rest inOakRidgeCemetery