The Evaluative State, Institutional Autonomy and Re-engineering Higher Education in Western Europe: The Prince and His Pleasure PDF
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The Evaluative State, Institutional Autonomy and Re-engineering Higher Education in Western Europe IssuesinHigherEducation Titlesinclude: JürgenEndersandEgbertdeWeert(editors) THECHANGINGFACEOFACADEMICLIFE AnalyticalandComparativePerspectives JohnHarpur INNOVATION,PROFITANDTHECOMMONGOODINHIGHEREDUCATION TheNewAlchemy V.LynnMeekandCharasSuwanwela(editors) HIGHEREDUCATION,RESEARCH,ANDKNOWLEDGEINTHEASIA-PACIFIC REGION ThorstenNybom,GuyNeaveandKjellBlüchert(editors) THEEUROPEANRESEARCHUNIVERSITY GuyNeave THEEVALUATIVESTATE,INSTITUTIONALAUTONOMYANDRE-ENGINEERING HIGHEREDUCATIONINWESTERNEUROPE ThePrinceandHisPleasure MaryAnnDanowitzSagaria WOMEN,UNIVERSITIES,ANDCHANGE SnejanaSlantchevaandDanielLevy PRIVATEHIGHEREDUCATIONINPOST-COMMUNISTEUROPE SverkerSörlinandHebeVessuri KNOWLEDGESOCIETYVS.KNOWLEDGEECONOMY VoldemarTomusk THEOPENWORLDANDCLOSEDSOCIETIES IssuesinHigherEducation SeriesStandingOrderISBN978–0–230–57816–6(hardback) (outsideNorthAmericaonly) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to usattheaddressbelowwithyournameandaddress,thetitleoftheseriesand theISBNquotedabove. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XS,England The Evaluative State, Institutional Autonomy and Re-engineering Higher Education in Western Europe The Prince and His Pleasure Guy Neave CIPES,Matosinhos,Portugal ©GuyNeave2012 Foreword©AlbertoAmaral2012 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2012 978-0-230-34803-5 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2012by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-34523-6 ISBN 978-0-230-37022-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230370227 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 To Bob and Adele Unsurpassed in scholarship, inspiration and friendship This page intentionally left blank Contents Foreword ix AlbertoAmaral Preface xiv Part I AWorldSetUpsideDown 1 SettingtheScene 3 2 AutonomyandtheChangingContractbetweentheState andHigherEducation 25 3 TheEvaluativeState:AFormativeConceptandan Overview 36 4 TheSignificanceofEvaluativeHomogeneity 48 Part II Re-engineeringTwoHigherEducation Systems 5 France:TheAsterixSyndromeandtheExceptionalCase 63 6 StrengtheningtheEvaluativeState:Strategy,Valuesand Rhetoric 80 7 DiscordDissected:The‘NewUniversity’andsomeofits Discontents 92 8 Spain:DefiningAutonomy,SettingUpEvaluation 105 Part III Portugal:AFocusedAccount 9 Portugal:LayingouttheHigherEducationLandscape 119 10 TheDynamicinPortugal’sHigherEducationPolicy 126 11 Re-focusingInstitutionalAutonomy:ThePortuguese DecreeLawof2007 143 12 ReformattheCuttingEdge:TheInstitutionalLevel 160 vii viii Contents 13 PortugueseHigherEducationReform:FourKey Dimensions 170 Part IV ThePromiseoftheEvaluativeState Evaluated 14 AFlightovertheEvolvingEvaluativeState 191 15 BacktotheFuture 204 Notes 217 Bibliography 226 Index 241 Foreword InmanyEuropeancountries,anumberofrecentreformstoincreasethe efficiency of higher education institutions and promote their respon- siveness towards society’s needs and demands are in hand. A few countries are engaged in creating more stratified higher education sys- temsbystronglyinvestinginalimitednumberofresearchuniversities to increase their capacity to compete in a globalized world. These reformspresentsomecommon trends–increasinginstitutionalauton- omy,reinforcedpowerofcentraladministration,decreasingcollegiality and changing quality systems from improving accreditation to diver- sifying funding sources. New public management plays an increasing roleinthepublicsector,includinghighereducation.Markets(orquasi- markets) are increasingly used as instruments of public policy: by the European Commission, through the implementation of the Bologna ProcessandtheLisbonstrategy,andbytheOECD,throughinfluencing reformsatasupranationallevel. At a ‘macro’ level, convergence by higher education systems is clear. Itmaybeseenasaresponsetoglobalizationandtoemergingneoliberal policies.However,atamicrolevel,pronouncedlocalandnationalchar- acteristicspersistandareseenasholdingoutagainstuniformity,despite thefactthatinternalreformstothehighereducationsystemarelegiti- mated,atleastrhetorically,bythenation’sneedtoassertitsplaceinan increasinglyglobalizedworld.Nationalspecificitiesaremediatedbythe actsofthestate,whichparadoxicallyrampupthestate’sregulatorypow- ers. The contradiction between the external weakening of sovereignty andtheinternalstrengtheningofthestatestandsatitsmostclearwith theimplementationoftheBolognaProcess.Nationalinterestsmaskthe Europeanpoliticalobjectivesaseachcountryreturnstoanationallogic tomeetnationalobjectives. Guy Neave analyses recent changes in Portuguese higher education fromacomparativeperspective,settingthembothaspartofandagainst a broad European backdrop and by placing them against the corre- sponding policy dynamic in French and Spanish higher education. What is fascinating in Neave’s analysis is the use of the interplay of national developments with the concepts of autonomy and the Evalu- ative State in comparing the three countries. He brings the two paths ix
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