The EU’s Enlargement and Mediterranean Strategies: A Comparative Analysis

421 Pages·2001·1.48 MB·English

by  Marc Maresceau, Erwan Lannon (eds.)

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The EU’s Enlargement and Mediterranean Strategies
Also by Marc Maresceau
ENLARGING THE EUROPEAN UNION (editor)
The EU’s Enlargement and
Mediterranean Strategies
A Comparative Analysis
Edited by
Marc Maresceau
Professor of European Community Law
European Institute
University of Ghent
Belgium
and
Erwan Lannon
Researcher
European Institute
University of Ghent
Belgium
Preface by Willy De Clercq
in association with
European Institute, University of Ghent
Editorial matter and selection © Marc Maresceau and Erwan Lannon 2001
Preface © Willy De Clercq 2001
Chapter 1 © Marc Maresceau 2001
Chapters 2–16 and Conclusion © Palgrave Publishers Ltd 2001
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2001 978-0-333-77281-2
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First published 2001 by
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The EU’s enlargement and Mediterranean strategies :
a comparative analysis / edited by Marc Maresceau
and Erwan Lannon ;preface by Willy De Clercq.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1.European Union—Mediterranean Region.2.European
Union.3.European Union countries—Economic policy.
I.Maresceau,Marc.II.Lannon,Erwan,1968–
HC240.25.M4 E94 2000
337.1'42—dc21
00–041513
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01
Contents
Foreword vii
Willy De Clercq
Acknowledgements ix
Notes on the Contributors x
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms xiv
Introduction:the Need for a Pan-Euro-Mediterranean
Strategy – the Triangular Approach xvii
Marc Maresceau and Erwan Lannon
Part I The Political and Security Dimension
1 The EU Pre-Accession Strategies: a Political and Legal Analysis
Marc Maresceau 3
2 Europe’s Mediterranean Strategy: the Security Dimension
Álvaro de Vasconcelos 29
3 Towards a Pan-Euro-Mediterranean Association of Proximity
Jean Raux 42
4 Differentiation and Association within the Pan-Euro-Mediterranean
Area
Catherine Flaesch-Mougin 63
5 The Many Faces of EU Conditionality in Pan-Euro-Mediterranean
Relations
Erwan Lannon, Kirstyn M. Inglis and Tom Haenebalcke 97
Part II The Economic and Financial Dimension
6 Agenda 2000 and EU Budget Strategy: Funding Enlargement and
Relations with Eastern and Southern Neighbours
Geoffrey Denton 141
7 The Optimum Strategy for a Spoke: Linking with Other Spokes
or Other Hubs?
Alfred Tovias 153
8 Free Movement of Services and the Right of Establishment in a
Pan-Euro-Mediterranean Economic Area: Between EU
Membership and the GATS
Lode Van Den Hende 169
v
vi Contents
9 Towards a Pan-Euro-Mediterranean Integration: a Survey of
Issues in the Agricultural Sector
Marianne Dony 193
10 Pan-European Rules of Origin and the Establishment of the
Euro-Mediterranean Free Trade Zone
Stefano Inama 199
11 The Financial Assistance of the European Union to Its Eastern
and Southern Neighbours: a Comparative Analysis
Alain Guggenbu¨hl and Margareta Theelen 217
Part III The Socio-Economic and Human Dimension
12 EU Pre-Accession Strategy: the Social Dimension
Andrei Popescu 257
13 The Economic, Social and Political Impact of the Euro-
Mediterranean Partnership
Bichara Khader 269
14 Company Law Harmonization and Reform as a Vehicle for
Regional Integration
Peter G. Xuereb 283
15 Towards Pan-Euro-Mediterranean Environmental Co-governance
Kirstyn M. Inglis 303
16 The European Union and Migratory Pressure from the
Mediterranean and Central and Eastern Europe
Kris Pollet 335
General Conclusion:Towards a Pan-Euro-Mediterranean Regional
Integration – Motivation and Objectives 367
Péter Balázs
Appendix:the Network of Bilateral Agreements in the
Pan-Euro-Mediterranean Area (1 January 2000) 379
Index 384
Foreword
The publication of this book comes at an important moment in time. We
are currently living through major changes in Europe. The third phase of
Economic and Monetary Union and the enlargement strategy of the
European Union are part of a historical process which will shape, in an irre-
versible way, the future of Europe. At the same time the Member States are
aware that an ambitious policy to the southern periphery of the EU forms a
counterpart to the policy of openness to the East and, as it was stressed at
the 1995 Cannes European Council, ‘gives the European Union’s external
action its geopolitical coherence’. Such a coherence is of crucial importance
to the stability and security of the Pan-Euro-Mediterranean Area as a whole.
This is precisely thefocus of the research undertaken in this book.
The challenges which Europe is facing are numerous. To keep a future
Union of 25 to 30 members operational is indeed a real challenge for the
EU, and as the Treaty of Amsterdam does not meet the requirements for
preparing for such an enlarged Europe there is a need for intensive further
reflection, not only on the institutional structure and the various specific
policies to be developed but also, and perhaps even in the first place, on
what role Europe will have in the new global environment and more in
particular in its periphery.
Agenda 2000 and the Commission’s opinions on the applications for
membership of the various Central and Eastern European Countries
(CEECs) have put in motion a process that first led towards accession nego-
tiations with five CEECs together with Cyprus. Parallel with these negotia-
tions pre-accession strategies were further developed with all the CEECs
through Accession Partnerships. The 1999 Helsinki European Council has
taken important decisions ‘marking a new stage in the enlargement
process’. Turkey was recognized as a ‘candidate State’ while accession nego-
tiations are now also opened with the remaining five CEECs and Malta.
However, it is absolutely indispensable not to disregard in this enlarge-
ment process what will happen with the European periphery of this new
Europe, in particular Russia. Of course, the same holds true for the
Mediterranean Non-Member Countries.
The strategic importance of the Mediterranean basin called for rebalanc-
ing the EU’s external relations. This was one of the main aims of the
Barcelona Conference held in November 1995 that brought together the
fifteen EU Member States and twelve Mediterranean Non-Member
Countries in order to lay down the foundation for a Euro-Mediterranean
Partnership. This conference was an event of major importance because it
brought together some countries which are still in conflict with one
vii
viii Foreword
another, and also because it has changed the nature of our relations with
the southern periphery of the EU.
The three baskets of the Barcelona Declaration are of equal importance
and complementary to each other: a political and security partnership
intended to define a common area of peace and stability based on demo-
cracy and respect for human rights; an economic and financial partnership
aimed at constructing a zone of shared prosperity; a partnership in the
social, cultural and human fields to promote understanding between
cultures and exchanges between civil societies.
As it looks today, no doubt, Europe will remain the most important actor
in the field of trade and economics. But in order to fulfil its role in the
international scene it has to play a constructive and active political role
proportional to its economic strength. A necessary step in this direction is a
coherent policy towards the Mediterranean and the Middle East.
The new political, economic and social issues on both sides of the
Mediterranean basin constitute common challenges calling for a co-
ordinated overall strategy. The introduction of a new preferential policy
towards the South on a par with the preferential policy towards the East
constitutes a first but important step in this direction. It may reasonably be
expected that the next Euro-Mediterranean ministerial meeting that will be
held in 2000 under the French Presidency will be an opportunity to
confirm these options and challenges.
Obviously, there is still considerable work to be done. On the one hand,
applicant countries for EU membership still have to do a lot towards the
integration of the acquis communautaire. On the other hand, negotiations and
implementation of the new Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreements will
have to be accelerated.
Another task for the future is indeed to define a much more consistent
common approach to the southern and eastern peripheries of the EU.
Globalization is an irreversible process. But without a firm political will it
cannot succeed. In this regard it should also be noted that a strong empha-
sis will have to be put on the social and human factors. There is a com-
pelling need for the Union to adapt itself to the new challenges and
therefore to be the anchor of stability for the Pan-Euro-Mediterranean Area.
No doubt, this book is one of the rare studies embracing, through a com-
parative and prospective approach, the emerging pan-Euro-Mediterranean
regional integration. It will for policy-makers, scholars and practitioners
constitute an indispensable tool of reference.
Willy De Clercq
Minister of State and Member of the European Parliament
President Europees Instituut VZW
Ghent, 5 January 2000
Acknowledgements
The publication of this book would not have been possible without a solid
scientific backing from the University of Ghent. Through several research
projects, in particular a university GOA Project and an ‘Interuniversity Pole
of Attraction (IPA)’ Programme (Universities of Liège, Ghent and Brussels)
together with a Tournesol Project, implemented within the framework of
the bilateral scientific co-operation between Belgium and France linking
the European Institute of the University of Ghent with the CEDRE of the
University of Rennes I, it was possible to lay the foundations of this book.
This project also benefited very much from the co-operation of the Trans-
European Policy Studies Association (TEPSA), which, among other things,
provided an adequate network offering the required expertise on a number
of subjects. Furthermore, a number of experts from other institutions and
associations co-operated in this project. We have many debts of gratitude
to all those who have been involved in this project.
This book would never have been published if it had not had the gener-
ous financial support of the Europees Instituut VZW. Financial support was
also provided by the IPA project, TEPSA and the University of Ghent,
Department of International Relations. This allowed us, in preparation for
this book, to organize a workshop at which the drafts of the various papers
were discussed. The real editorial work, of course, came later. In this
respect, special thanks go to all those who have been closely involved in
providing assistance to the editors. In particular we would like to express
our sincere thanks to Ms Kirstyn Inglis for her substantial editorial assis-
tance, and for the translations of the contributions of Jean Raux and
Catherine Flaesch-Mougin as well as for the linguistic revision of the man-
uscript. We are also very grateful to Mrs Anne Rafique for her invaluable
help in the final editorial review of the manuscript of this book.
Marc Maresceau
Erwan Lannon
Ghent, 1 January 2000
ix