The European Union: Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration PDF
Preview The European Union: Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration
THE EUROPEAN UNION THE EUROPEAN UNION Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration edited by Brent F. Nelsen Alexander C-G . Stubb L~E RIENNER PUBLISHERS BOULDER l ONDON PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericain1994 by LynneRiennerPublishers,Inc. 1800 30th Street,Boulder,Colorado80301 <01994byLynneRiennerPublishers,Inc.Allrightsreserved LibraryofCongress Cataloging-in-PublicationData TheEuropeanUnion:readingsonthetheory and practiceofEuropean integration/editedbyBrentF.NelsenandAlexander C-G.Stubbe p. em. Includesindex. ISBN978-1-55587-505-3(alk.paper) ISBN978-1-55587-506-0(pb)(alk.paper) 1. Europeanfederation. 2. EuropeanEconomicCommunity. 3. Europe-Economicintegration. I. Nelsen,BrentF. II. Stubb, Alexander C-G. JN15.E88 1994 341.24'2-dc20 94-19158 CIP Thepaper usedinthispublicationmeetstherequirements oftheAmericanNationalStandardforPermanenceof PaperforPrintedLibrary MaterialsZ39.48-1984. ISBN978-0-333-64675-5 ISBN978-1-349-23984-9(eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-23984-9 Acataloguerecordforthisbook isavailablefromthe BritishLibrary 543 2 Contents Preface Vll Introduction 1 PART1 VISIONS OF A UNITED EUROPE 1 The Tragedy of Europe Winston S. Churchill 5 2 The SchumanDeclaration RobertSchuman 11 3 Preambles to the Treaties of Rome 13 4 AFermentof Change Jean Monnet 17 5 A Concertof European States Charles de Gaulle 25 6 Preamble to the SingleEuropean Act 43 7 AFamily of Nations Margaret Thatcher 45 8 ANecessary Union Jacques Delors 51 9 Preambleto the Treaty on EuropeanUnion (The MaastrichtTreaty) 65 PART 2 EARLY CURRENTSIN INTEGRATION THEORY 10 Altiero Spinelliand the Strategy for the United States ofEurope Sergio Pistone 69 11 AWorking PeaceSystem DavidMitrany 77 v vi CONTENTS 12 Political Integration: Definitions and Hypotheses Leon N. Lindberg 99 13 Neofunctionalism: ACase of Mistaken Identity A.J.R. Groom 111 14 The Theory of Economic Integration: AnIntroduction Bela Balassa 125 PART3 THEORY EMERGING FROM PRACTICE 15 Domestic Politicsand European Community PolicyMaking Simon Bulmer 141 16 Political Elites,PopularIndifference and Community Building Martin Slater 153 17 Organized Interests and the Europe of 1992 Philippe C.Schmitterand WolfgangStreeck 169 18 1992: Recasting the European Bargain Wayne SandboltzandJohn Zysman 189 19 Negotiatingthe SingleEuropean Act:National Interests and ConventionalStatecraft inthe European Community AndrewMoravcsik 211 PART4 INTEGRATING THETHEORIES 20 Institutional Change in Europe inthe 1980s o. Robert Keohane and Stanley Hoffmann 237 21 ChoosingUnion: Monetary Politicsand Maastricht Wayne Sandboltz 257 Index 291 Aboutthe Book and Editors 309 Preface Necessity isthe mother of invention, and, perhaps, collegetextbooks. Or so itwas with this book. Itallstartedinthe fallof 1992when the professoramong us(we willcallhimNelsen) beganplanningforanewcourse hewasscheduled toteach inthespringentitled"TheEuropeanCommunity."Nelsenwas under the crazy impression that studentswould understand the Euro pean Community (now the European Union) better if readings taken from key Community documents, the writings of its founders and political leaders, and importantacademic works were used to supple ment the standardtextbookson theEC.When itbecameapparentthat nosuchreaderwasonthemarket,hedeterminedtoputtogetherhisown packetof readings for the course.With the helpof hisstarstudentand research assistant (we will call him Stubb, pronounced Styb),Nelsen waded through the vast amount of material available in the English language and compiledacourse packetthatwasasexpensive(royalties and all) as it was large and unwieldy. It became clear at some point during this process that the price for making important materials availableto theclasswastoo highfortheinstructorand thestudents(or should we say their parents?). Thus, amidst the piles of books and photocopied articles,a textbook was conceived. The twenty Furman University students (including Stubb) who paid an exorbitantpriceto beguinea pigsinthatfirst ECclassdeserve the highest praise. Their close, critical reading of the supplementary material and their practical input helped usdetermine which readings worked and which did not. After the students had their say, we took valuable advice from a number of scholars in the field, including DesmondDinan,Cleveland Fraser,James Guth, ChristineIngebritsen, Pauli jarvenpaa, janne Haaland Matlary, Martin Sseter, and two anonymousreviewers.Althoughwefollowedmanyoftheirsuggestions, we, ofcourse, take full responsibility for the final product. Manyotherpeoplecontributedsignificantly tothisproject.Mar garetCrisp and her legionofstudenthelpers, including MaureenAtta, vii viii PREFACE Lori Hall, Kerry Harike, Sandra Padgett, and Tonya Smith, provided essential secretarial services.Sharon Dilworth and Carolyn Sims also didmuchtyping.BozhidarDimitrovhelped usgetthescannerworking, and LilliAnnDillandSteveRichardsonhelpeduswithcountless library searches. LynneRienner, from the momentshelaideyesonthe project, offeredsuperbadvicewithouteverdemandingcontrol.Sheprovedtous the value of a good publisher. The Duke Endowment and the Knight Foundation, via Furman University's Research and Professional Growth Committee and the Furman Advantage Program, provided generous financial supportfor this project. Emotional support and personal sacrifices were freely offered by many family members and friends who will remain un named-but not unthanked. Finally, each of us,indifferent ways, owes a debt ofgratitudeto ourfriends andcolleagues-faculty,students,andstaff-intheDepart mentofPoliticalScienceatFurmanUniversity.Tothemwededicatethis book. -B.F.N. -A.C-G.S. Introduction This book isprimarilydesigned to supplementstandard textbooks on the history,theory,and practiceofEuropeanintegration.Itspurposeis threefold.First,inPart1,itinvitesstudents(andtheirinstructors)tojoin theprimaryshapersoftheEuropeanUnioninanearlyfive-decades-Iong conversation about Europe. In their own voices, Winston Churchill, RobertSchuman,JeanMonnet,Charles deGaulle,MargaretThatcher, Jacques Delors, and the authors of the preambles to the important CommunitytreatiesexplainwhyEuropemust unite and whata united Europemust look like.Theirvisionsofa united Europediffer, insome cases because the authors differ in their fundamental views on human nature,nationalsovereignty, the roleofgovernment,and international relations, inothercasesbecausetimehaschangedthe contextinwhich Europemust exist.Weenter thisconversationto understand betterthe historical development of the European Union and the ideas thatstill inform itsshapers. The second purposeofthis book (principally Parts 2, 3,and 4)is to encourage students to think about why and how nations come together bytracing the evolution of integration theory in the postwar period. The social scientific impulse to explain human behavior, and encourageitincertaindirections, motivatedtheoristsinthe 1950sand 1960s bothto explainwhy Europe was uniting and to describe how it shouldbedone.Whentheoreticalexplanationsandprescriptionsseemed tofalter inthe 1970s,socialscientiststurnedtheir attentionto themore mundane decisionmaking processes that characterized the European Communityduringits"stagnant"years.When theCommunitytookoff againinthemid-1980s,thesestudiesinformedanewwaveoftheorizing thathasyieldedlesselegantand lesscomprehensive,but more realistic, explanations of integration. The thirdpurposeof this book, also metprimarilyinParts 3and 4, is to add depth to the existing knowledge students may have of particular actors, institutions, or issues-for example, the European masspublic,nationalelites,Europeaninterestgroups,the1992project, 2 INTRODUCTION monetary union, and the Maastricht treaty. The intent here is not to presentresearchoneveryaspectoftheEuropeanUnion, buttoprovide articles that offer both empirical information of practical value and interesting theoretical conclusions. Readers willfindthis book more usefuliftheykeepinmind two importantpointsconcerningitsconstruction.First,ashortintroduction precedes each chapter that (1)placesthe selection in context and (2) summarizes the argument. The prologues are designedto amplify the dialogueamong theauthorsofthetexts.Theyshould notsubstitutefor abroaderdiscussionofthehistoricalortheoreticalcontexts, norshould they replace a close reading of each piece. Second, the editors have abridged each selection. Centered bullets (. . .) mark significant abridgments; minor abridgments go unmarked; brackets [ ] mark editors' additions; and all notes are omitted. The editors have taken great care to preserve the core-and much more-of each author's argument, but readers should consider the original sources before making definitive (i.e., published) statements about the selections re printed here.
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