The European Union as a Small Power: After the Post-Cold War

263 Pages·2010·4.287 MB·English

by  Asle Toje (auth.)

Palgrave Studies in European Union Politics
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REFLECTIONS ON EUROPEAN INTEGRATION
50 Years of the Treaty of Rome
Sebastiaan Princen
AGENDA-SETTING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
Asle Toje
THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A SMALL POWER
After the Post-Cold War
Richard G. Whitman, Stefan Wolff (editors)
THE EUROPEAN NEIGHBOURHOOD POLICY IN PERSPECTIVE
Context, Implementation and Impact
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The European Union as a
Small Power
After the Post-Cold War
Montparnasse by Christopher R. Rådlund
Asle Toje
Visiting Fellow, The Norwegian Nobel Institute, Norway
© Asle Toje 2010
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-24396-5
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First published 2010 by
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ISBN 978-1-349-31869-8 ISBN 978-0-230-28181-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230281813
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Toje, Asle.
The European Union as a small power : after the post-Cold War /
Asle Toje.
p. cm.—(Palgrave studies in European Union politics)
1. European Union. 2. European Union countries – Foreign relations.
3. European Union countries – Military policy. 4. National
security – European Union countries. I. Title.
JZ5425.T65 2010
341.242(cid:2)2—dc22 2010010926
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10
Transferred to Digital Printing in 2011
Contents
List of Illustrations viii
List of Abbreviations ix
Preface xi
Introduction and Basic Arguments 1
Ten roles of the EU 5
Rationale and outline 10
1. The Anatomy of EU Security 13
Institutions, capabilities and consensus 14
What Lisbon changed 20
Power and powers in international politics 23
Small power politics 27
2. The European Union as a Historical Phenomenon 32
Christian universalism and balance of power 33
Concerted power and collective security 40
External primacy and peace through integration 45
American Interlude 49
After the post-Cold War 52
3. European Defence: The State of the Union 55
It all began at Saint-Malo 56
Demands for more, not less, EU security policies 58
The altered role of Europe in American foreign policy 59
NATO’s transformation challenge 62
Towards a stronger Europe 64
Facilitating EU–NATO cooperation 64
Strengthening the CSDP 67
More and better European military capabilities 70
A compromise creature 73
4. The European Security Strategy Revisited 76
Introduction 76
Five years and a world of change 77
Security and strategy 80
v
vi Contents
From strategic culture to human security 82
From war on terror to terror as crime 85
Preventive engagement and hedging 87
Effective multilateralism and normative power 89
Europe hedging its bets? 91
5. Lessons from the Field 95
Operationalizing the Petersberg Tasks 96
Many missions, many reasons 99
Crisis in the Sudan 102
The handling of the Darfur crisis 104
Attention turns to Chad 107
The handling of the Chad Mission 110
The EU as a crisis manager 111
6. A Question of Political Will 115
Capability development and implementation 116
The capability–expectations gap 119
Common foreign policy in theory and in practice 121
The lack of political will 123
Consensus policy-making 127
Consequences of consensus–expectations gap 129
Overburdened and underfinanced 133
7. The Making of a Small Power 136
Powers great and small 137
Identity and strategy: The European example 140
History: The thorny legacy of hard power 141
Capabilities: What means, what ends? 142
Geopolitics: Failing to pull together 144
Values: Doctrinal idealism 145
The EU as a power 147
Less than the sum of its parts 151
8. The EU under Multipolarity 156
The rise and fall of the American Empire 157
What the Iraq war changed 160
Power and polarity 163
Interpolarity, non-polarity or a return of history? 166
From unipolarity to multipolarity 169
What will multipolarity hold for Europe? 172
Contents vii
Conclusion: The Purpose of European Power 177
The European Union as a small power 181
Europe’s masterly inactivity 183
Notes 188
References 222
Index 245
Illustrations
Figures
1.1 The Lisbon Treaty Institutional Architecture of CFSP/CSDP 17
5.1 Overview of the missions and operations of the
European Union, June 2009 101
Table
3.1 Comparing EU military capabilities in 2009 with 1999 71
viii
Abbreviations
AMIS African Union Monitoring Mission
AU African Union
AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System
CAP Common Agricultural Policy
CDM Capability Development Mechanism
CESDP C ommon European Security and Defence Policy
(1998–2000)
CFSP Common Foreign and Security Policy
CMC Crisis Management Concept
CSDP Common Security and Defence Policy (2010–)
DRC Democratic Republic of Congo
EC European Community
ECAP European Capability Action Plan
EDA European Defence Agency
EEA European Economic Area
EEAS European External Action Service
EEC European Economic Community
EPC European Political Cooperation
ESDP European Security and Defence Policy (2000–2009)
ESS European Security Strategy
EU-Aid EuropeAid
EUFOR European Union Force
EUISS European Union Institute for Security Studies
FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
G-8 Group of Eight
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GNP Gross National Product
HR-CFSP High Representative for Common Foreign and Security
Policy
HQ Headquarters
IMF International Monetary Fund
ICG International crisis Group.
ISAF International Security Assistance Force
LTV Long-Term Vision (EDA)
NAC North Atlantic Council
ix