The European Iron Age

193 Pages·1998·6.819 MB·English

by  Collis, John

The European Iron Age

The
European Iron Age
JOHN COLLIS
London and New York
Acknowledgements
This book is the result of over fifteen years of manuscript by Anne Sienko and Dorothy Cruse
reading, and travelling around Europe, years who typed the various versions of the text. Most
which I have enjoyed immensely due to the of the finds drawings are the work of Barry
kindness I have received from many individuals Vincent, and Arnold Pryor helped by drawing
whose names it would take this book to fill. I some of the maps. The following have kindly
have especially happy memories of my student provided photographs for reproduction: The
days in Cambridge, Tübingen, Prague and Danish National Museum (1a); The National
Frankfurt, and more recently of digging in central Museum, Ankara (11b); The University Mu-
France. I have been generously supported seum, Pennsylvania (11c); The Louvre Museum,
financially by the University of Sheffield, the Paris (13c); The Museum of Art, School of
British Academy, and the British Council through Design, Providence, Rhode Island (17d); Prof.
various exchange grants. Especially I must thank W.Kimming (22a, c, d); Dr Jorg Biel (23a, b);
my family who have had to suffer periodic The Swiss National Museum (32, 36f); The
desertion as I have disappeared to foreign parts to Rheinisches Landesmuseum, Bonn (35a, b, c);
try to catch up with recent developments in the The Württembergisches Landesmuseum,
subject. Stuttgart (34j, k); The British Museum (42d,
48m, n); and The Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
I have been helped in the preparation of the (28, 42a, e, f, g, h).
First published 1984 by B. T. Batsford Ltd

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003.

“Disclaimer: For copyright reasons, some images in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion in the
eBook.”
© John Collis, 1984
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording,
or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Collis, John, 1944 May 19–
The European iron age.
1. Iron age—Europe
I. Title
936 GN780.2.A1

ISBN 0-203-44211-3 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-75035-7 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0-415-15139-2 (Print Edition)
Contents
List of Illustrations 6 Etruscan civilisation 65
Preface 8 Situla Art 66
Central and western Europe in the
seventh century 73
1 Attitudes to the Past 9
Hallstatt D, 600–475 BC 81
Population movement and ethnicity 10
Diffusion 14
Trade 15 5 The Tide Turns, 500–250 BC 103
Social structure 18 The classical world of Greece 103
Spatial organisation 20 The classical world of Italy 108
Chronology 23 Northern Italy and southern France 108
Orientalising in central Europe—La
2 The Old Order 26 Tène A 113
La Tène B-C—the age of migration 126
The origin of iron working 28
The end of Mycenaean Greece 32
Iron working in Greece 34 6 The Economic Revival 139
Proto-Geometric Greece 34
La Tène C, second century BC 145
Late Bronze Age Europe 36
The oppida 149
3 Reawakening in the East 39
7 The Roman Empire and
The ninth century 39 Beyond 158
Greece and Cyprus in the eighth
century 46 Britain 158
Italy in the eighth century 58 Germany 173
The impact of conquest 175
4 The Trade Explosion 62
Notes and bibliography 181
Greece in the seventh century 62 Index 189
5
List of Illustrations
1 ‘Celtic’ metalwork c Distribution of Veii type bronze vessels
a The Gundestrup Cauldron
15 Sites mentioned in chapter 4
b Silver cup from Agighiol, Romania
16 The orientalising period in Italy
c–f Details of the Gundestrup Cauldron
a–c Objects from the Bernardini grave, Palestrina
2 Chronological table
17 Simla Art
3 Sites mentioned in chapter 2
a Distribution of Situla Art
4 Late Bronze Age swords b–c The Benvenuti situla
a The Erbenheim type d The Providence, Rhode Island situla
b The Hemigkofen type e Belt plate from Brezje, Yugoslavia
5 Alaça Hüyük, Turkey 18 Hallstatt, Austria
a Plan of burial k a Plan of Hallstatt
b–d Objects from burial k b–f Objects from burials at Hallstatt
g Distribution of Mindelheim and Gündlingen.
6 Sub-Mycenaean Greece
bronze swords
a Iron knife from Knossos
b–c Objects from Kerameikos tombs, Athens 19 Hallstatt pottery
7 Sites mentioned in chapter 3 20 Hallstatt sites in Slovenia and Hungary
a Plan of Stiˇcna
8 Zagora, Andros, Greece
b Stamped pot from Sopron
9 An early Geometric burial from Athens
21 The Magdalenenberg, Baden-Württemberg
a Cross-section of the burial
a Plan of the barrow
b–h Iron objects from the burial
b–d Burial 93
10 Lefkandi, Euboea, Greece
e–g Burial 101
a Plan of the settlement and cemeteries
22 The Heuneburg, Baden-Württemberg
b–n Objects from the settlement and cemeteries
a–b The Heuneburg and surrounding tumuli
11 Bronze work from Urartu
c–f Construction of the Heuneburg
a Bronze shield from Karmir Blur
g–h Plans of burials in the Hohmichele
b Bronze cauldron and stand from Altintepe
23 Eberdingen-Hochdorf, Baden-Württemberg
c Protomes on a bronze cauldron from Gordion
a Iron dagger
12 Salamis, Cyprus
b Bronze castor
a Plan of Salamis
24 Mont Lassois and Vix, Burgundy
b Plan of burial 31
a Plan of the Vix burial chamber
c–h Objects from burial 79
b–e Objects from the Vix burial chamber
13 Early Greek pottery
25 Hirschlanden, Baden-Württemberg
a Proto-Geometric vase from Kerameikos 12,
a–b Plan and reconstruction of the tumulus
Athens
c Stone figure
b–c Late Geometric pottery from Lefkandi
d–e Late Geometric vessels from the 26 Sites mentioned in chapter 5
Kerameikos, Dipylon Gate, Athens
27 The development of Athens
14 Veii, Tuscany, Italy a Proto Geometric Athens
a Plan of Villanovan Veii b Geometric Athens
b Bronze vessel from burial AA c Classical Athens
I
6
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 7
28 Early Greek coinage 41 Italian traded goods, second and first centu-
ries BC
29 The Etruscan town: Marzabotto
a–b Dressel Iamphorae
30 Southern France
c Sestius stamp
a Plan of Entremont
d–f Campanian bronze vessels and their distribu-
b Têtes coupées from Entremont
tion
31 The Hunsrück-Eifel, West Germany g–h Black gloss pottery
a–b Etruscan vessels from Schwarzenbach
42 Gallic coinage and its Greek prototypes
c Distribution of Etruscan beaked flagons
43 Mšecké Zehrovice
d–e Relationship of burials to iron ores
a Waste from the manufacture of sapropelite
32 The Erstfeld hoard
bracelets
33 Early La Tène pottery b Plan of the Viereckschanzen
a–b Wheel-turned and hand-made pottery from c Stone head
the Hunsrück-Eifel
44 Manching, Bavaria
c Jar and cup from Les Jogasses, Marne
a–c Development of the oppidum
d–e Linsenflasche and Braubach bowl from the
45 Ramparts of the late La Tène
Dürrnberg bei Hallein
a The murus gallicus
fDecorated Linsenflasche from Matzhausen,
b The Kelheim construction
Bavaria
46 Buildings inside oppida
34 Early Style La Tène Art
a Plan of Villeneuve-St Germain, France
a Gold bowl from Schwarzenbach
b–c Hrazany, Bohemia
b–i Development of lotus flower motif
d–e Manching, Bavaria
j–k Attic red-figure ware bowl from Klein
Aspergle 47 Late La Tène pottery
a–b Vessels from Manching, Bavaria
35 Waldalgesheim, West Germany
c–d Bowl and frieze from Roanne, France
a Bronze vessel
b–c Gold torc and bracelets 48 British La Tène Art
a–k Objects from Stanwick, North Yorkshire
36 La Tène flat inhumation cemeteries
l Bronze mirror from Holcombe, Devon
a Distribution of flat inhumation cemeteries
m–n Gold torcs: Snettisham and Ipswich
b–f Male and female burials
37 Nebringen, Baden-Württemberg 49 Hengistbury Head, Dorset
a Plan of the cemetery a Plan of Hengistbury Head
b–k Objects from the burials b Hinterland of Hengistbury Head
c–e Imported pottery from northern France
38 Münsingen, Switzerland
a Plan of the cemetery 50 Britain and the Roman Empire
b–m Brooches from the cemetery a–d Changing relationship: first century BC to
first century AD
39 Later La Tène Art
a Decoration on the bronze bucket from 51 Colchester, Essex
Waldalgesheim a Plan of the settlement
b–c Design from gold torc and bronze wagon b–c Imported Dressel amphorae
fitting, Waldalgesheim d Imported southern French samian bowl
d Bronze torc from Jonchery-sur-Suippe (Marne)
52 Gallo-Belgic pottery
and their distribution
a–c Beakers and flasks
e–f Scabbards: Hungary and La Tène, Switzerland
d Platters
40 Sites mentioned in chapters 6 and 7 e Potters’ stamps
53 Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire 55 Iron Age and Roman towns
a Plan of the burial a Mont Beuvray
b Silver cup b–c Pompeii
d Caerwent
54 The Roman impact on southern Etruria
a The pre-Roman road system
b The imposed Roman system
Preface
In the ten years or so that I have been teaching demonstrates the histories of Mediterranean and
undergraduate and extra-mural courses for the Temperate Europe were inextricably linked
universities of Sheffield, Leicester, Birmingham, throughout the first millennium.
and Nottingham, I have longed for someone to
The models that I have used to link the narrative
write a general introduction to the European Iron
together, of diffusion, trade, social differentiation,
Age, but no one has, or rather no one has dared,
urbanisation, and state development are however
and so I rashly charge into the gap. I hope that
not the only approaches which could be adopted,
the specialists into whose territory I have trans-
but it is the only viable one at present available to
gressed will forgive me for any failings in detail
us because of the uneven development of
which the wide expansion of the literature in
archaeological research, and the limited ap-
recent years makes inevitable. My own doctoral
proaches which are still applied especially in
thesis was considered wide, but it dealt with only
certain parts of classical archaeology. However
a century of the development of part of the area
attitudes are changing rapidly, and perhaps in the
covered by this book.
next decade or two it will prove possible to write
What may have been lost in detail I hope will from a more social and economic point of view
have been gained in the unity of approach. I when we know more of the development of the
believe that for the first time a single author has classical towns, or the reaction of the rural
attempted to describe the processes which economy faced with the rapid changes in trade
underlay the development of European civilisa- and industry. This book is thus a first essay of
tion in the classical world of Greece, Etruria and synthesis. I hope in the next decade both I and
Rome, and its relationship with the more shad- others will be able to provide rather different
owy areas north of the Alps. As this book viewpoints to those put forward in this book.
8
CHAPTER ONE
Attitudes to the Past
Among the earliest surviving European literature modes of explanation were shared, except that
is the poetry of Hesiod, notably his Works and Days, ‘civilisation’ was a phenomenon which spread
in which he describes the hard lot of the farmer— from the south-east rather than the north-west—ex
the labour involved in tilling the land to obtain the oriente lux. Ideas spread by ‘diffusion’, an illdefined
food needed for survival in a harsh and hostile process which assumed the inevitability of the
world. Hesiod lived in the Age of Iron, but in hap- march of civilisation from one region to the next,
pier days, in the Ages of Gold and Silver, food was and explained the movement of ideas in terms of
plentifully available without the drudgery of farm- pseudo-history—invasions and waves of migration
ing: it only required gathering and eating. This of peoples across Europe. The revolution in dating
idealised picture still plays a part in our schizo- by C14 destroyed the foundation of this approach
phrenic view of the past and of ‘simple societies’, for some aspects of the neolithic and Bronze Age
be it the concept of the ‘noble savage’, or what periods, and in the literature appeared terms such
Sahlins has more scientifically documented as ‘the as ‘independent development’ and ‘autonomy’ to
original affluent society’. explain the megalithic tombs of western Europe or
The opposite view of society is embodied in the development of European copper and bronze
words such as ‘progress’ and ‘technological ad- metallurgy. But for the Iron Age at least neither
vance’, popularised in prehistoric terms by Chris- ‘diffusion’ nor ‘autonomy’ were adequate explana-
tian Thomsen’s Three Age System. Who, Thomsen tions; it was clearly a combination of the two—
argued, would make axes of stone if they knew of ideas spreading from one area to another, with in-
bronze and iron? What had started as a classifica- dividual, unique reactions which produced a var-
tion of objects in the National Museum at Copen- ied pattern of distinctive regional cultures.
hagen rapidly became the basis for the chronologi- The fashion today is to talk in terms of ‘culture
cal division of European man’s prehistory. Thom- change’, and to study the mechanics of how this
sen’s idea, coupled later with the concepts of evo- happened in each society. Though each reaction
lution and of ‘the survival of the fittest’, reflected, may be unique, the process and mechanics which
if not originated, the self-satisfaction of late nine- caused those changes still follow basic rules of ex-
teenth-century West European society—the belief planation. Trade, for instance, can initiate change,
that it was technologically superior and therefore but the objects exchanged, the way the trade was
superior in all other respects to ‘less advanced’ so- organised, the people who participated, and the
cieties both past and present. This reached its ex- reactions produced, though often similar, will ap-
treme form in the Germanic school of Kossinna pear in unique combinations in every case. The
whose views on the superiority of the German economy, the environment, technology, ideology
race formed one of the cornerstones of Nazi ideol- and the social structure will combine in a unique
ogy. system. In each case we cannot understand one
If the extremist view of the Kossinna school aspect of the system without knowing something
was rejected by the majority of archaeologists, the of the whole. To gain this knowledge, a study of
9