The European Dictatorships: Hitler, Stalin, Mussolini

242 Pages·2002·7.31 MB·English

by  Allan Todd

PERSPECTIVESI N HISTORY
TheE uropedainc tatorships
HitSltearMl,ui sns,o lini
Allan Todd
D CAMBRIDGE
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UNIVERSITYP RESS
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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UllstBeiiln2d ;1 3H,u ltoAnr/c hive
Picturrees earbcyhS andiHeu skinson-RoofPl HfOeT OSEEEKRS.
Contents
1D ictatorsihdieposl:o gainedts o talitarianism
Iedologtiercmasl
Communism 2
Fascism 7
FascismN aaiznsdm 11
Ditcatorsahuitphso:rr iniao trat oatiltraian? 12
2F romL eninitsoSm t alin1i9s1m8,- 28 14
Thei mpacotft he FWiorrslWtda r1,19 -417 14
Why tBhoel esvhiskusc ceeidnee sdt asbhliipnogw er1,19 71-8 17
Cilvw iara nfdo reiingtne rve1n9t81i-o2n1, 22
Ther evotliuaoynrs tat1e29,1- 24 29
Ther isoefS tlai,1n 294-28 44
Documecnatss et udy 57
3S tali'nr'esv oluftriooman b ove1'9,2 8-41 60
Stalis' nt'utront he alenfdtt h'ae banodnmento f etN hEP 60
Collectiavnidst ahfteii voen- pyleaanrs 64
Hows ucceswsefruSelt l aisne 'coonmcip ocliies? 68
Sovifeotr epioglnyi u cndeSrtl ain 71
TheS ovisetta atte w1a4r91,- 45 76
Thei mmediatceo nsequeonftc heGesr eaPta triWoatri c 82
4T heS talisntiastt1e 9,2 9-39 84
Stalisi nn'escuri1t9i0e3-s3,4 84
The GrPeuartg e 86
Powearnd t hSet laiinsstt ate 90
Thei mpatco ft he GPreuartg e 92
Expilnagit nhGer eaPtu rge tahnGedr eTaetr ror 92
TheS talniisstt aatfet tehrGe r eaPta triWoatri c 95
5T her isoefI talFiaasnc is19m1,8 -24 98
Thei mpaocftt h e FWiorrslWtda ra ndth pee acter eat1i9e-1s41,9 98
Theri soefF asci1s9m91,- 22 100
Musoslisnc io'nlsoiadtioofnp ower1,29 2-23 109
Documecnatss et udy 773
iii
Contents
6T heF ascsitsatt 1e9,2 5-45 151
Thee stbalisnhtmo eft hde itcators1h29i5p-,2 8 151
Thec orporsattaet e 171
Econompioiclc y 191
Thes ociiampla cotfF ascism 122
Ducismtoh:ce u lotfIf D ucae ndp ropgaanda 162
Fasciasnmfd o repioglnyi c 103
Thei mpaocftt h Se ecoWnodr lWda r1,49 0-45 143
7W eimaGre rmanayn dt her isoefN azis1m9,1 9-33 139
Germanpyr'osb le1m198s-,2 0 193
Hitalenrdt he NPaarztiy1 ,98 1-24 124
TheN azi'sl'eyaena r1s29'4,- 28 145
Thec oalplsoefW eimarG erman1y29,9 -33 148
8T he Na'zrie volut1i9o3n3'-3,9 156
Economcpi oilyc 165
Thes ociiamlp aocfNt a izsm 126
Thes ocicallas ses 126
Volksgemeinschaft 166
Propangdaaa nd th'e Hitmlyetrh ' 177
Foreipoglniy a cnd war 108
The' revispihoansi1es39,t3 '3- 6 108
Thep re-wcarri s1e39s8-,3 9 148
TheN azsit aatte w1a39r9,- 45 158
Theh sitordiecbaalt e 178
Documecanste s tudy 789
9C onsolidaatnidmn agi ntaintihneNg a zdii ctator1s9h3i3p-,3 9 192
Creianttgh e Ndaizcit atorship 129
G/eichschaltung 149
The Nazi state 179
Power inG erNmaaznyi 199
SuppofrotHr i etrla ndt hNe azis 204
Opposittoit ohnNe a zis 205
10Co mparisaonndsc ontrasts 201
Lenisnmia ndSat ilnism 210
Fasciasndm N azism 212
Fasciasndmc ommunism 214
Problweimtst hoa tltiarniiasamn dfa scism 219
Compraatitvhee mse 221
Selteb cibolgiraphy 225
Chroongoyl 227
Idnex 233
iv
Dictahtioprss:
ideoloagnidte ost alniitmsa ria
Anyc ompaaitrvhesi troyo ft htehr eien etwrard itcathoirpsmsus ti novvlel ooking
att hremea iqnue sotnisF.ri stto,w haetx tnetw erteh ied eloogiaensdr ge imse
asoscieadwt itLhe inna ndSa tlisinm ialnadr tbhoutpsha tro fc ommunims?
Secnodt,ow haetx tnetw erteh meo vemensto fM ussionlain dH iltetrh sea me
andh ow farw erteh efisarc isstta tseism iFlianrla?yt l,h eei rsth meu cmho er
cotnreovrsqiuaselt iooftn h dee gereo fs imiiyltb aerwteetnh ceom muintsa nd
fsaciisdte goileomso,ve mentasn dst atweistt,hh reel taeids suweh eotfhe trh e
SovieFtas,c tia sndN azsit atweesra eu tohrairtioartn o ltaitadriitcaatnso hirsp.
Thefr isttw oo ft hseei ssuweisl ld ibsece udbs eslw.oA sr egradtsh feni al
queisotnt,hee a rert wom aivniw epoinst.M anyh siotriabneslv iete hat
communim sandfas csima ert wop olailtyeil xctermeb uftun damneatlyol popsed
movemenst,w itdhr atsialcyld iffeernotr ingsai nda im,es vnet houtghhe ir
methoodfsr ulweer vee rsyi midluairgrnt h1e29 0asn d1 390sT.h ivsiw e sees
communisams a r eovliuotnyal rfetw-inmgo vemenatn df asciasmsa n
esesntlilraye aocntaiyrr ight-ownie(n dge seps iotm'ear daicla's pcetisni ts
methdosa ndsy tloefr u)lT.eh ef undaemnatldf iefernecb ewteetnh eimss aitdo
lie ifnac ttt hhacetom munsimi sd edaitcetdod estyrioncga pailtiswmh,i le
fascisimss eeansc apiatli'ssmm osrtu tlshes ednedf.e r
Nota lls othriiasnhsae t rhvei we thatths eet wop oliaiclti degoileoaser
dimaetrailcloyp posRe.dP .i pienRs ususnidae rB ostlhheerv eimgke,i 1 971-24f,or
exmaples,e etsh eams h avin.gm any' anftfiiieasn'da sc ompeti'nfgto hrse am e
cosntietnuci.Ie nps a'trilcau,hr e sLeeeinsna ndB oslhveisamsh avinfgarm oer
ifnulencoenM usosliannidH tiltehra onnt hgee nesroacli atlm iovsement.
AlthoPuigphe tsa calktbise raanldl f e-twinhgsio triafnorbs e iunnga belt o
examient hissu deii sspasastie,oil tny usiesfl ut ob eairnm indt haPti pheism eslf
is qnuoitta ene nteilnrye uatlar uthiyot (ri1n89 1-8,2h ew asd ierctroo fS oviet
andea sEtu orpenaa ffaisru ndePrer sidReenatgn a).
Thesqeu eisotnwsi lla dbdeers seda iaingnt hfeni aclha pte(rs epe.2 01),a fter
the tdaitscohirposft hSeo viUenti oInatl,ay n dG ermyah naveb eeenxa miend.
Ideologtiecramls
Theh sitroyo ft hpeo litdicitcoaartls htihpaestm egredi nR ussiIatl,aya nd
Germyaa nfttehrFe i srtW orlWda ri sof tseene anse xetmrelcyo mpaltiecTdh.i s
ispa rttlhyre es uolftt hlea gren umbeorfd iffeernpto tliilct aermse dtu os
descert ihbied oeolgiaensdf or mso fr ulient hedsietc athoirpsAsn.a dded
Ditcatorsihdieposl:oa gnidte ostlt aiariiasnm
compilcatiisto hnad tif feernhtsi otriaunsse stahmete re msi ns lghitdlifyfe ernt
ways.
Atf risgtl aen,tc hied egoylo oft hedsietc atsohirpasp pesat rob em ore
stairgthfrowradt hatnh ehisirt oarsyi, nm anyw ayst,hy ec anb es eetnob e based
ono neof t wof undameanlytol ppospionilgt iicdaelo locgomimeusin:s omr
fascisUms.ig nt hpeo littriecmaiolnlg oyo ft heear lsyt agoefts h Fer ench
Revlouito(nw hetnh meo srtad icpaoltl iaiclg roupssa otn t hlefe ts idoeft he
naitoncaolne vnitonw,hi tlheme o stc onsveatrievs aotn t hrei g)ht,th e
commuintssc abne d escraibsbe edi onngt hfear o re xtmreel fetw,h itlhee
fascsitaser o nt heex tmreer ight.
Unofrtnuaetyl,i itsn oqtu itaess impalste h ,ia ssb otchom muinsamn d
fascishmav em oret haonn est arndC.o snequtel,nby othhit sorilcp aalyearsn d
hitsoarnihsa veo fntm eeandtif feerntth nigwsh euns intgh sea mtere msA.t the
samtei m,s eomheav ea gruetdh aitnt,se aodfs eeitnhgpe o litsipcetacrmlu a s
onweh eert htew oe xtmreesa ers epraatbeydb eing aotse deo npdptsh,o esned s
shoublesd e eansa mlostf ormign cai crl.Ae lhtougthh irelsa tteops ra cteir cather
thnap oliicltta heyo,tr hdiess pctriisohnwo st hger esaitm iiltairreatsh,et rh atnh e
conrtasbtest,we etnh etsweoi degoileos.
Communism
Marxism
Inm anyw aysc,o mmunsims eemst hcel eearor ft htew om aicno nflicting
ideoloagsii ctea sn,a ceti rtpsoi ltailrc oottost hwer intgiosf o nem anK:ar Ml axr
(118-883-)otrw om eni,Mf axrs'c leoc solbloaart,oF riredrEincghe (l81s2 0-9, 5)
isi cnuldeAdt.t hmeo stb aslieclv Me,a xr'wsr intgiswe rbea seodnt hmea teiratl is
conecpotnio fh sitorwyh,i chhed eevlopUesdi.gnt hweo rkosft hGee rman
phlioshoepGre ogrH egel 1(770 -1381a)n dof C halreDsa wrin(1 089-8M2a)xr,
exlpoerdt hied etah ahtu mahnsi troyw asl agrelyd eetrmidnb eyt he class
strgulgebsew teenr ulianngdo ppersesdc lsaessw,h ichha dco nfltiicnigne tersts.
Hea gruetdh atth reu ilgnc lansese dteode xlpoiwth,it lheoe p persesdc lass
wanetdt oe scapef rmo thiexslp oaitotin.
Maxra gruetdh aftrm o thset rato fh umanh sitroyi itsp o sslietb od eetcfti ve
diffeerntty poefss octiye moord eosf p roduicotnTh.e esa er:
• priimteic vommuanlisamne: a rflorym o fc ommunsimw hicehxi tsewdh en
humanlvsie da sh unet-rgatheesrra ndh adn os epraatoer d omintainsgo acil
clsaess;
• salves oectiyw:h esno ectiwya sd iviidtneotd w oc lsaseosf asvel-wonesr
ands lvaes,s ucahst hReo mane mpire;
• fuedaliwsimt:lh a n-dowinnagir tsocraantdss e rfs;
• agrilctrauulc apailti:sw mitahw ealthlya n-dowinncgl aasnsdl nadlses
labroeurs;
• idnutsricaalpa ilti:sw mhetnh beo rugeosiiteh,de o minsaonictac ll ass,
ownetdh feca troiemsin,e asn db ansk, atnhwdeo rwka sd onbey t he
preotlraiaatc ,l aosfis n dtursiwaolr kewrhsoo wnendo p roprety.
2
Ditcatorsihdieposl:oa gnide stl aoitrtaisamn i
Maxr,sa tndgil nefwti,tE hn gleisn 1 684S. eataeerMd a xr'dsa ughs ter
jneny,E lneoaarn Ldau ar.
Alflou ro ft he c-ldiavsisdseodc iewteireoesn eisnw hich dtohmei ncalnats s
compiresda smamliln oriyo tft hpeo pluatainondh ada ne xtermeluyne qual
distriobfu toeincoonma incdp oilitclpa ower.
AccodrintgoM axr,t hmeo vef rmo onet ypoefs oectityo a nothwears b orught
aboubtyt hsert ugglbee wteent hdeo mincalnatas nsdt hmea isnub odriante
claAssss .o oans a s uobdrniaetc laosvesr trehwt hdeo mincalnsatsa ,n ew class
strgulgweo ulbde gnti oe megreb ewteent hinsew ruligc nlaasnsdt hneew
subdoirantcel asMsax.ra slob elvieedt haattl,hu ogha tfr istth neew soicetwyas
moere conoimclaleyfi fcitehnattn h pere viouosn ea ndso p alyeadh itsoiraclyl
porgreisvrseol et,h nee wc lass diwvouilsldie oaendves n tlulatyoc onlcfita nd
declniee,v net ohugthh isoc persmsig httak eh udnerdosf y easr.
Inh imsa ssisvteu odfyi ndtursicaalpa ilstimi nB raiitnO,a Ksa ipt(apblul hiesd
bewteen1 687a nd1 984,)M axrm ade caa saega nist Vtichtero iainn dtursliitass
whob elvieedt hatth Ber ithiasdch er atetdh meo sta dvcaends ocitehtawyta s
humaynp losslieIb.sn taedu,s gih nitsh oeryo fc lasstsr ughgela egr,ud et hatth e
indtursiwaolr kewrousl idn veiatbylb et hrowintn oa b ittecrl assrtsu ggle
aganistth eeimrpl yoerMsa.xr b elvieedt haittf h weo rkewresrs eu ccessflui n
overtrohiwgnc apiatlitshmye w oulcdo sntruas cotic atls iosectiyi,nw hicthh e
ruligc nlawsosu lcdo mpirsteh mea jrotiyo ft hpeo puilnoa,fto rt he ftiirmisent
humanh sitroyF.r otmh ipsro posseidx ftorhm o fh umasno ectiyM,a xrb elvieedi t
3
Ditcatorsihdieposl:o agnidte ost arliiatnaism
woulbde p ossitboml ovee ats oe vnetohn ec:o mmunisTmh.is so ectiyw,h ihc
woulbde b aseod nt heeco nomaidvca nceso fi ndtuirsacla paiiltsmw,ou dlb eo ne
ofp letynn,o otf s craciyt,a sw ast hcea sienp riimteic vommunaliAssm w.io tu ld
bec lasss,cl leascsosnli fcatn ds trgulgweo ulbde a bseanlltwo,i ntgh eeco nomy
tod evleompo ere fcfiien.t ly
HoweveMra,xr d indo wtr eim tucha boutthp eo litfiorcmastlo b ea dpoted
undesro cliias(mt htaer nsitniasolt abgeewt eenca piatliasnmdc ommunsim)a nd
communismo,t her than to tshameya jtioyhtro aftt h,pe ow pilutaht iionn
conotlri,wt o udlb ea m ored emocartiacn d lreespsri evsseso ectityh atnh ose
that ehxiasedtdp reviuosl.yA lthgohhu eu sedt hpeh ars'ed citoarthsiopft he
proeltraiattod' e csritbhepe o ilitclar uliena s ocliitaw sorekrss'ta Mteax,rd indo t
meaanh asrha ndr eprievsresge im.'e Dtiactsohriipnt' h isse nse nmte a
'odmiannce'b aseod nt hoew nesrhipt ohmefe anosfp orduticonT.hu hse
descrtihbpeead r lieanamtyrd emocryao cfl aetn nietenet-hcenrtyBu raiitans a
'idtcarthsoiopft hbeo rugeiosiaes' ,bh eel vieedo wnerhsiopfw eatlha lwleodt he
borugeoisieen steuot r heiitnre rewsetrsae wl aypsor etctaedn da dvancedA.f ter
thPea riCsom munien1 781,M axra ddetdoh ivsei wso nt hset aatnedp olitics
atfetrh weo rkerresov'l iuotbny s anyig tmheaats eusr shboeua lddpo tetdob rgi n
aboutthe eve ntu'awilt hegar wian'yo ft hset aAtleo. nwgi tthh aen acrhtissh,e
belvieedt hset awtaesu nnceessyaa rnd epvneretdt hpee opflrmeo g oevrngi n
theemlsevs.
Maxrd indo bte lviete haptro gerssitohonru gthh sei sxt agoefss o ectiwya s
inveiatbl-ethwiass t op rovei moptranti nf utuerd eevlopmse nRituns s.i a
Alhtoughc lasstsr gulgwea si nveiatblhee,s a idt hasto ciectouilesdsat gneaa tnd
remaisnt uicnka ni nfefciiesnyts tietfmh lewo erc lsasewse ruen abelt o
ovretrhowt heriurlg ci lnaasnsd,t hasto ciectoiueelsvd ne revetroat l ess
advanceds ysmt.eH ea sloa gruetdh ats,p ceiinca rilc mustancesa,r ealitevly
bacwkards oecticyo ul'duj mpa's tagbeu,ot n liytf h astt awtaest heanie ddb y
sympatthieacdv ancesd ocieHteid eisnd.o b te lviete haatp ooarg cruiltural
soctiyce oulmdo vet os ocialoinsi mto swn ,a ss ocliiasrmqe urieadn a dvanced
indtuirsabla se.
Maxrp artecdo mpyaw nitthh aen acrhtisso nt hqeu estioofhn ow tob rgi n
aboutthd ee sreirde ovlutWihoinlt.eh a en acrhtissb elvieeda lolgr aniastiwoans
evialn dt hatth ree ovliuotwno ulhda pp'esnpn otaenouslMya'xr,a gruetdh aat
cosncoiusrleyov liuotnyap roliicltpa artwya sn ecessyta orh eltph oep persesd
workeursest hesitrr enignnt umhb esrt oe ndt heeixprl iotiaotnH.e dniodt
belviete hatthw eo rkecrousl sdp oannetousdleyev loapr eovliuotnrayc onscious­
nesasn dag ruetdh aitna nys oectityh deo miannitd ewaesr ael awyts hoosfet he
domiannctl saseasst hyeo wnedt hmea jomre anosfc ommuinaciton.
Lensimn i
Thef catt haMta xrd id rneorftt e oh imeslfa ' aMsa rtx'bi,usp tre freerd ttehrem
'ocmmuins(twh'ci hh e huasedd i nt htei tolfte h beo ohke a ndE ngewlrsoe ti n
1487 :T hcemo mnuimsatin fteo,sc) onfumsaettse rsso mwehatH.ep refreertdh is
termma iynb lecuasiet peodti ont thuetl iametg olaa:c lassclomemsusin ts
4
Dictatorisdheioplsoa:gn ide stl aoitrtaianism
socyi.He toweveMra,xr 'fsol lwoerosf ntp erefertroec da tlhle smelv'eMsax rsit's
asw elals c ommuntisis no dretro d itsnigiusthh esmeelsvf rmo othgeroru ps
whicchl maeidt ob ec ommunsita ndas lot oe mphsaiest haMta xrisamn di ts
methofdorsm eadd itsnictp hoislohpy.
Ones ucwhas t he sRsuiraenov liuotnyaV rldaimIiylri chn iL(n1e 780- 1294).
AltouhgLhe innde vleopseodm oef M axr'esco nomiidce -aesspieacylt lhoeos n
capiatliasnmdi meprialiints hemea rtlweyn ittehc entyur-himsa icno ntribution
toM axritts heoyrw asi nr elattoip ooinlt iloc graansiaitonH.et ookM axr's
commensta boutthn ee etdoo gransiea r eovliuotnyap rartayn da ppidlet hetmo
theex etmreluynd emcoratpioiclt ailsc ystoepme artnigi nT sairsRtus siHai.s
maiind ewaas w habte cmaek nwona s' deomcracteincat lri.sL men'iangr uetdh at
becuaseT sartiR susswiasa pao ilcset aatr ee ovliuotnyaM raxrisptar tcyo ludn ot
opeartteh eei rnt hsea mwea yt haatm assw orke'rp sartwyo ulodp eartien a
democartiscoec tiyA.l thohuegb he lvieedt haatlm le mebsro ft hpea rtsyh ould
havet hrei ghftor mtf ocat iotnoas gr uet hepionris to fv iwe (th'eed mocrca'pt iatr
ofd emocracteincat lrisomn)ec, d ae csiiohna db eemna dbey p artmye mbersa,l l
memebsrs hougliedvi tth efiulrsl up potre,v eintf h yeh adg audrea ndvo ted
aganisitat n dev nei tfh dee csiiohna do nlgyai nde maa jioytro fo ne( tihwsa st he
'ceaniltmsr'a spec)tL.e niansl oa gruetdh atthM ea xritsp artiynT s airtsR ussia
needetdob em aduep o ff ullcyom mitterde ovultiorniawehs ow oulmda eku pa
smavlanlg uadrp artTyh. eesv iwes weprueft or wradi nh ibso oWkh att obi es
donpeu?b lid isnh1 e092.
Lenidni ndo rte rft eoh imeslafsa ' eLniitns'a;sf ara sh ew asc oncerhnee d,
was Maa xrisotra c ommunitsH.o wevrem, anyM arxibsetlsv ieedh eh ad
deviaftrmeo dM axrs't ecahnigsO.n e tohfle e adRiunsgs iMaanr xiwshtos
dsiagerewd ith ohnit mhi es soufpe a rtoygr ansiatiwoasnT rotksyw,h oa grued
thadte mocracteincat lriwsomu ladll owa nu nscrpuuloluesa dteobr e cmoea
dcittaoro vret hpea rtHy.iv si we thaLten iwna sd sitroitgnr athetrh adne evlogp in
Maxr'isd ewaosu lgdai nce rdeena ctfetrh Beo lsvhisekc amet op oweirn1 917
andwe rfeca ewd itthh pera ctitcaasolkfg oevnrignR ussia.
Iitso f tseani tdh aatno thaedra apttioofMn a xrisbmy L eniinsh itsh eyot rhat
thset agoefhs u masno ctiyae si detnifbiyeM da xrc oulbde ' etlceospe'sd,o t hat
theew roulbde a ne xetmrelsyh otpr eriboedte wetnh e oefnf dedu aliisnRm u ssia
andt hbee gninigo nfs oicaitlsc ontsrtuiconTo.a ne xtneth,ow evetrh,ii ssb a sed
ont hmei stkaenb eltiheafMt a xr had stahieedw r oulbde c leaanrdd sitnict
stagwehsi cwhou dla lawybse s epraatbeydm anyy easr.I nfca tb,o tLhe inna nd
Trotsk(wyh oi,n edpendtel,dny eevolpeads imivleiawr)b asetd heiidres o an the
possibyio lfmi otvinqgui cktloty h seoc iatlp ihsaeso nM axrs'o wni deso af
permanerneotvl utMiaoxrnw .r otteh aatss ooanso nere ovlutiyos ntaahrgae d
beeanc hvieedt hset rgulgfeor t hneex tc oulbdeg ianl msoti mmdeaietl.y
Accoirgndt oL enin'r,ot hoxd'Mo arxilstiets kh Mee nsvhiekwse rneo ttak inaglo lf
Maxr'wsr itiinnogtc so nsiadteiaronndw e rpel agcu indnuee mphiasosn s omoef
hiesa rlcioemrm esn.t
Howevebro,t Lhe inn aTnrodt sbkey lvieedt haRtu sscioau nlodt cseuecidn
caryrintgho rugahn y' uinnetrrputerdeo vliuotnw'i thousti deoecou ntomaincd
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