The European Community and the Security Dilemma, 1979–92

352 Pages·1997·18.371 MB·English

by  Holly Wyatt-Walter (auth.)

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The European
Community and the
Security Dilemma,
1979-92
Holly Wyatt-Walter
Foreword by
Robert O'Neill
~ in association with
~ Palgrave Macmillan
First published in Great Britain 1997 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG2l 6XS and London
Companies and representatives throughout the world
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-349-14247-7 ISBN 978-1-349-14245-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-14245-3
First published in the United States of America 1997 by
ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC.,
Scholarly and Reference Division,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010
ISBN 978-0-312-16336-5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wyatt-Walter, Holly, 1968-1995.
The European Community and the security dilemma, 1979-92 / Holly
Wyatt-Walter; foreword by Robert O'Neill.
p. cm.-(St. Antony's series)
Originally presented as the author's thesis (Oxford).
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 978-0-312-16336-5 (cloth)
1. National security-Europe. 2. Europe-Defenses. 3. Europe
-Politics and government-1945- I. Title. II. Series.
UA646.W95 1996
355'.03304-dc20 96-21864
CIP
©Andrew Wyatt-Walter 1997
Foreword© Robert O'Neill 1997
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1stedition 1997
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made
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criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and
sustained forest sources.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 98 97
Contents
Foreword by Robert O'Neill ix
Acknowledgments xii
List of Abbreviations xiv
Introduction 1
Justification 1
Project focus 2
Definitions 4
The role of theory 7
Structure 10
Part 1: Historical and Conceptual Aspects of Security and
Integration, 1945-79
1 Past as Prologue: the Historical Relationship between
Integration and Security 15
Introduction: security vacuum and economic instability 15
The Atlantic connection and US leadership 16
Economic response: the European Coal and Steel
Community 19
Defense response: a European Defense Community and
early lessons for the EC 21
After EDC: the 1960s and the French approach to
an EC security identity 28
Economic influence needs a voice: the 1970s and
European political cooperation 32
Conclusion: high politics, low politics, and the
institutional divide to 1979 37
2 The Theoretical Relationship between Integration and
Security 39
Introduction: theory mirrors practice 39
Pre-paths to integration: federalist and functionalist
utopias meet post-war reality 40
v
VI Contents
Paths to integration in the 1950s: pluralism and
neofunctionalism 42
Integration in the 1960s: the 'intergovernmental' critique 51
Theoretical enlargement in the 1970s: beyond integration
to systemic theory 54
Theory and experience: security and integration prior to
1979 60
Conclusion: theoretical expectations for the period 1979-92 64
Part II: 'Crisis in the Alliance' and West European
Responses, 1979-87
3 The Changing External Dimension: US-European
Divergences 69
Introduction and conceptual issues 69
Economic context and structural change 71
Strategic context and the decline of detente 80
Transatlantic turbulence continues 93
Conclusion: security community and changing identity 96
4 Fragmented 'Subsystems': the West European Response to
Crisis 98
Introduction and conceptual issues 98
Political response: European Political Cooperation (EPC) 101
Economic response: 'Europe must not fall behind' 110
Military response: 'a European pillar to the alliance' 119
Conclusion: intergovernmentalism and the new European
security debate 132
Part III: Europe in Flux: Internal Integration and External
Disintegration, 1987-90
5 Internal Dynamism and the Consequences of the Single
European Act 137
Introduction and conceptual issues 137
Impact on the West European defense market 140
Internal security: the impact of the SEA on borders 147
Conclusion: functional limitations and the success of
indirect spill-over 154
Contents vn
6 Changing External Dimension: the EC Takes the Lead 157
Introduction and conceptual issues 157
The EC lead in restructuring Eastern Europe 158
German unification and the response of EC partners 161
The changing nature of security: NATO's obsolescence
and initial hopes for CSCE 165
Franco-German quid pro quo and the first phase of
the IGC 174
Conclusion: Competing institutions and the EC in the lead 182
Part IV: Security Threats after the Cold War: the EC
as a Security Actor? 1990-92
7 Testing Times for Security Aspirations: 'the EC Must
Take the Lead' 187
Introduction and conceptual issues: the EC sets itself
a test 187
The Gulf War and lessons learned about CFSP 188
The triangular debate heats up: member states,
the Commission, and a US response 195
Evolving national positions and NATO-EC rivalry in the
approach to Maastricht 201
The breakdown of Yugoslavia and the recognition crisis 213
Concluding the IGC: an emerging compromise? 217
Conclusion: the status quo looks increasingly appealing 219
8 Maastricht and the Grand Compromise 221
Introduction and conceptual issues: the Maastricht
compromise 221
Title V: the Common Foreign and Security Policy 222
Ratification and clarification after Maastricht 232
Conclusion: a convergence of views 244
9 Conclusion: the EC and Security - Continuity within a
Changing Relationship 246
Empirical findings 246
National dispositions 248
Theoretical implications 251
Concluding points 256
viii Contents
Notes 258
Bibliography 308
Index 332
Foreword
This book is important for two reasons. First, it is a major examina
tion of the debate which has taken place on the role of the European
Community in security policy issues over the past fifteen years - the
most thorough work of its kind in recent years. Second, as a result of
the author's tragic death in July 1995, it marks her most substantial
contribution to the literature of her field and forms a memorial to her
life and work, particularly, but not only, during her years at St Antony's
College, Oxford, 1989-94.
The message of the book itself is salutary to those who follow the
life of the European Community and the European Union. The Com
munity itself has chosen to reject substantial supranational integration
in the fields of security and defence, preferring to leave those issues in
the hands of the United States-led North Atlantic Alliance. Despite
European dissatisfaction with American leadership of the Alliance, when
it came to a choice Europe itself shunned full responsibility for the
maintenance of its own security. In some ways this is a tribute to the
quality of leadership that the United States has given the Alliance over
the past forty-six years. But it also reflects European unwillingness to
make the effort necessary to stand on its own feet. It leaves Europe in
a dependent situation, apparently lacking both the maturity and the
strength to fend for itself against possible enemies that are weaker
economically. It is not a situation that gives the slightest comfort to
those who wish European integration well. It also raises questions as
to the longer-term consequences of this stance, particularly on American
willingness to continue making the substantial efforts necessary to
maintain the security of Western Europe. Recent events in Bosnia have
shown even more clearly how inadequate Europe is at coping with
conflict in its own continental area and how necessary firm American
leadership and action continues to be. In the case of Bosnia, after four
years of bloodshed, the United States finally intervened. Next time it
may take even longer to exert its influence, and what will Europe do
then?
The reasons for the development of this sad state of affairs are, as
Holly Wyatt-Walter demonstrates, diverse and complex. It is not entirely
a matter of Europe proving unable and unwilling to shoulder its own
security burden. It also derives from the obvious fact that integration
ix