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Routledge Revivals The European Community and its Mediterranean Enlargement First published in 1981 The European Community and its Mediterranean Enlar- gement examines the background to the economic developments in Greece, Spain and Portugal, their relationship with the Community and the political and economic interests at issue during negotiations. At the same time the study of enlargement provides an excellent opportunity for a critical apprai- sal of existing Community policies (especially those affecting industry and agriculture) and a discussion of likely future developments and pressures for change within the context of the ‘Community of Twelve’. Loukas Tsoukalis combines a thorough familiarity with Community affairs with a good knowledge of Southern Europe and the ability to work in several European languages. This book crosses many disciplinary boundaries and is a must read for scholars and researchers of European politics, European Union, international relations and European history. The European Community and its Mediterranean Enlargement Loukas Tsoukalis Firstpublishedin1981 byGeorgeAllen&UnwinLtd. Thiseditionfirstpublishedin2022byRoutledge 4ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,Oxon,OX144RN andbyRoutledge 605ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©LoukasTsoukalis,1981 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilisedin any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Publisher’sNote Thepublisherhasgonetogreatlengthstoensurethequalityofthisreprintbutpoints outthatsomeimperfectionsintheoriginalcopiesmaybeapparent. Disclaimer The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondencefromthosetheyhavebeenunabletocontact. ALibraryofCongressrecordexistsunderISBN:0043820301 ISBN:978-1-032-37105-4(hbk) ISBN:978-1-003-33533-7(ebk) ISBN:978-1-032-37106-1(pbk) BookDOI10.4324/9781003335337 The European Community and its Mediterranean Enlargement Loukas Tsoukalis St Catherine's College, Oxford London GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN Boston Sydney First published in 1981 This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. All rights are reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, 1956, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN LTD 40 Museum Street, London WCiA iLU c Loukas Tsoukalis, 1981 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Tsoukalis, Loukas The European Community and its Mediterranean enlargement. I. Title 338.9i'4'°4i HV24I.25.M/ ISBN 0-04-382030-1 ISBN 0-04-38203 i-X Pbk Typeset in 10 on u point Plantin by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Manchester. Contents Preface 9 PART ONE THE THREE APPLICANT COUNTRIES 1 Three 'Economic Miracles' - Government Policies and 17 the External Environment Some general comparisons. Greece: The Athens Agreement of 1961; implementation and 'freezing'; government policies; first stage of industrialisation. Portugal: from Africa to Europe; from corporatist state to the 'construction of socialism'; structural changes in the Portuguese economy. Spain: Spain and Europe - the long flirtation; liberalisation and planning; economic growth, diversification and import substitution. Conclusions PART TWO THE PROCESS OF ENLARGEMENT 2 Internal Debate 105 Greece: the politics of exaggeration; Portugal: in the midst of indifference; Spain: the politics of consensus and after; democratic institutions and economic prosperity after accession 3 Negotiations and Community Attitudes 132 The setting of the stage; the plot thickens; in search of a happy ending; the leading actors; the remaining cast; the moral of the story PART THREE THE COMMUNITY OF TWELVE 4 Industrial Sector and Division of Labour 167 Attempts to develop a common industrial policy; sensitive sectors and the problem of adjustment; enlargement - adding to the problem?; dangers for the new entrants; suggestions for the future 5 Mediterranean Agriculture 196 The agricultural sector in the three prospective members; Mediterranean agriculture in the Community - a poor relation?; effects of integration; the crisis of the CAP; enlargement and pressures for reform 8 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY - MEDITERRANEAN ENLARGEMENT 6 Conclusions 242 Changing environment; Community adaptability, institutions and bilateralism; is the Community of Twelve a contradiction in terms? Notes and References 257 Index 270